a. We have a molecule 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG), which is a negative allosteric modulator for oxygen binding in Hb. Please draw out a reaction equilibrium between Hb and Hb:BPG that shows how BPG binding might drive oxygen release and vice-versa.
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- Red blood cells synthesize and degrade 2,3-biphosphogylerate (2,3-BPG) as a detour from the glycolytic pathway, as shown in the figure.2,3-BPG decreases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin by binding in the central cavity of the deoxygenated form of hemoglobin. This encourages delivery of oxygen to tissues. A defect in one of the glycolytic enzymes may affect levels of 2,3-BPG. The plot above right shows oxygen-binding curves for normal erythrocytes and for hexokinase and pyruvate kinase-deficient erythrocytes. Identify which curve corresponds to which enzyme deficiency.Describe the effects of (1) oligomycin and (2) uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, e.g., dinitrophenol (DNP), carbonyl cyanide-p- trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), on respiration and ATP synthesis when added to a suspension of mitochondria with excess malate, ADP, and inorganic phosphate (Pi).a. Some of the acetyl-CoA used in the citric acid cycle is produced from pyruvate. List the reactants and products of this reaction. The reactants are pyruvate and The products are acetyl-CoA and In the process, a(n) is to b. Name an enzyme complex that catalyzes this reaction and list its negative effectors. is the enzyme complex that catalyzes this reaction. Its negative effectors are and
- Please answer both parts, i and iiThe phosphorylation and oxidative decarboxylation of oxaloacetate by inorganic phosphate (Pi) to make phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide is endergonic under intracellular conditions. It is characterized by this equation: Oxaloacetate + Pi ←→ Phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O + CO2 ΔG’ = +24.6 kJ/mol The synthesis of GTP from GDP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in solution is endergonic under intracellular conditions, and it is characterized by this equation: GDP + Pi ←→ GTP + H2O ΔG’ = +30.5 kJ/mol Write a new net thermodynamically coupled reaction equation that describes the synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate from oxaloacetate using the hydrolysis of GTP to power the reaction and calculate the new net ΔG’ of this reaction. Show all of your work.pls solve this with in 1 hour
- Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is important for cell survival. The synthesis of S1P from sphingosine and ATP is catalyzed by the enzyme sphingosine kinase. An understanding of the kinetics of the sphingosine kinase reaction may be important in the development of drugs to treat cancer. The velocity of the sphingosine kinase reaction was measured in the presence and absence of threo-sphingosine, a stereoisomer of sphingosine that inhibits the enzyme. The results are shown below. Construct a Lineweaver-Burk plot to answer the following questions: (a) What are the apparent KM and Vmax values in the presence and absence of the inhibitor? (b) What kind of an inhibitor is threo-sphingosine? Explain.Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is important for cell survival. The synthesis of S1P from sphingosine and ATP is catalyzed by the enzyme sphingosine kinase. An understanding of the kinetics of the sphingosine kinase reaction may be important in the development of drugs to treat cancer. The velocity of the sphingosine kinase reaction was measured in the presence and absence of threo-sphingosine, a stereoisomer of sphingosine that inhibits the enzyme. The results are shown below. Construct a Lineweaver–Burk plot to answer the following questions: (a) What are the apparent KM and Vmax values in the presence and absence of the inhibitor? (b) What kind of an inhibitor is threo-sphingosine? Explain.Help filling in the blanks: Folic acid is a [1/2/3] carbon carrier that can carry the carbon(s) in multiple oxidation states. S-adenosyl methionine is exclusively a [carboxyl/methyl/formyl] carrier. [TPP/NAD+/FAD/CoA] is a cofactor used to decarboxylate a-keto acids. [TPP/NAD+/FAD/CoA] activates acyl groups for transfer to other organic molecules. [TPP/NAD+/FAD/CoA] is capable of forming double bonds between carbons or disulfide bridges because it can carry electrons singly. [TPP/NAD+/FAD/CoA] on the other hand is better at oxidizing alcohols to ketones because it takes a hydride ion from a donor molecule.
- Given the following information, calculate the physiological ΔG of the isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction at 25°C and pH 7.0: [NAD+]/[NADH] = 8, [α-ketoglutarate] = 0.1 mM, and [isocitrate] = 0.02 mM. Assume standard conditions for CO2 (ΔG°′ is given in Table). Is this reaction a likely site for metabolic control?The Eo values for the NAD/NADH and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate/1,3- Bisphosphoglycerate conjugate redox pairs are -0.32 V and -0.19 V, respectively. Beginning with 1 M concentrations of each reactant and product at pH 7 and 25 C, which statement is TRUE? Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate would become oxidized; NAD would become reduced. No reaction would occur because all reactants and products are already at their standard concentrations. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate would become oxidized; NADH2 would be unchanged because it is a cofactor. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate would become oxidized; NAD and NADH would become reduced. 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate would become reduced; NADH would become oxidized.Consider the typical beta oxidation of linoleic acid (C18:2 ^Δ9, 12): How many ATP are generated in complete oxidation of linoleic acid? How many NADH are generated in complete oxidation of linoleic acid? How many FADH2 are generated in complete oxidation of linoleic acid?