a. hospital competition; a natural experiment (diff-in-diff) is used to tease out causal effects of competition on quality. b. hospital competition; non causal inference methods are used (diff-in-diff) to examine the correlation between competition on quality. c. quality of health care; non causal inference methods (diff-in-diff) are used to examine the correlation between competition on quality. d. quality of health care; a natural experiment (diff-in-diff) is used to tease out causal effects of competition on quality. e. hospital competition; a randomized experiment (diff-in-diff) is used to tease out causal effects of competition on quality.
Below is the abstract from the paper, "Death by Market Power: Reform, Competition and Patient Outcomes in the National Health Service," by Martin Gaynor, Rodrigo Moreno-Serra & Carol Propper.
The effect of competition on the quality of health care remains a contested issue. Most empirical estimates rely on inference from non experimental data. In contrast, this paper exploits a pro-competitive policy reform to provide estimates of the impact of competition on hospital outcomes. The English government introduced a policy in 2006 to promote competition between hospitals. Patients were given choice of location for hospital care and provided information on the quality and timeliness of care. Prices, previously negotiated between buyer and seller, were set centrally under a DRG type system. Using this policy to implement a difference-in-differences research design we estimate the impact of the introduction of competition on not only clinical outcomes but also productivity and expenditure. Our data set is large, containing information on approximately 68,000 discharges per year per hospital from 162 hospitals. We find that the effect of competition is to save lives without raising costs. Patients discharged from hospitals located in markets where competition was more feasible were less likely to die, had shorter length of stay and were treated at the same cost.In this case, the outcome variable is ____. The paper uses _____.
d. quality of health care; a natural experiment (diff-in-diff) is used to tease out causal effects of competition on quality.
From the given abstract we have to find the outcome variable and what the paper uses.
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