A sign for an automobile service station is supported by two aluminum poles of hollow circular cross section, as shown in the figure. The poles are being designed to resist a wind pressure of 3.0 kPa against the full area of the sign. The dimensions of the poles and sign are h1 = 12.0 m. h2 = 3.0 m, and b = 6.0 m. To prevent buckling of the walls of the poles, the thickness t is pecified as one tenth the outside diameter d. h2 Wind load a) Determine the minimum required diameter of the poles based upon an allowable bending stress of 60 MPa in the aluminum. Round to the nearest whole number. mm b) Determine the minimum required diameter based upon an allowable shear stress of 10 MPa. Round to one decimal place. = mm

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Combined Loading

Any functioning component, such as machine parts, structural members, pressure vessels, and so on, are all under the influence of more than one force. When anybody is under the influence of more than one force such as shear forces, bending moments, axial forces, torsion, and so on, then such body is said to be under combined loading. A very practical example of combined loading is the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine (IC engine). The crankshaft of the IC engine is under high rpm, which is caused due to the torsional forces. Due to the presence of piston, counterbalances, and internal imbalances, the crankshaft experiences lateral forces and due to the rise in temperature, the crankshaft undergoes thermal expansion, which pulls the crankshaft along the axial direction and lateral direction. The presence of unbalanced loads along the periphery of the crankshaft also induces a bending moment.