A sensitive indicator of laboratory examination for the early diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency rickets is() A) parathyroid hormone increase B) Blood phosphorus reduce C) 25-(OH)-D3 reduce D) Alkaline phosphatase increase E) Blood calcium reduce
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- DKA and HHNKS are described as: Question 3 options: a) Life threatening hyperglycemic emergencies requiring immediate care b) Temporary hyperglycemic crises that require doubling up on insulin dose c) Chronic illness that causes nephropathy in the long-term d) Acid-base imbalance disorders, specifically metabolic acidosisa) Adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison's disease) A decrease in serum sodium may occur in b) Hypoparathyroidism c) Hyperparathyroidism d) ThyrotoxicosisRegarding pathological calcification : a) It is the abnormal deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium, and other mineral salts in blood. b)It classified into dystrophic and metapasia calcification. c)Dystrophic calcification takes place on dead tissues regardless calcium level in the blood. d)None of the above. e)It is a precursor of cancer.
- Rapid-acting insulin enters the blood and begins to work within 10 to 15 minutes after given.a) Trueb) FalseWhich of the following describes how long-term glycemic control is usually evaluated? Question 83 options: a) Testing urinary ketone levels b) Testing urinary protein levels (microalbuminuria) c) Self-monitoring of blood glucose d) Measuring glycated hemoglobinPyrophosphate can inhibit bone resorption but is not a good drug candidate because it is readily hydrolysed in the GI tract.i) How does pyrophosphate interact with calcium ions on a bone’s surface?ii) Why are bisphosphonates less susceptible to hydrolysis than pyrophosphate?iii) Besides interaction with calcium ions, describe 2 other mechanisms by which bisphosphonates can inhibit bone resorption.
- Extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotic medications include: Question 48 options: a) Weight gain, obesity and increased prolactin levels b) Dystonia and tardive dyskinesia c) Anxiety and sweating d) Depression and sexual dysfunctionAll are related to hypocalcemia except... a) stimulation of parathyroid glands b) activation of osteoblasts c) digestion of bone matrix d) movement of calcium from bones to blopd. An individual with a known deficiency in Vitamin D is considering supplementing their diet to improve their levels. Before proceeding, what is the most important factor they should evaluate to avoid adverse effects?A) The time of the year and their geographical location to estimate sun exposureB) Their body mass index (BMI) to determine the appropriate dosageC) The potential interaction with other fat-soluble vitamins they are consumingD) The levels of calcium in their diet, as Vitamin D increases calcium absorption
- A client with Type 1 diabetes mellitus is admitted to the hospital in a semi-conscious state with fever, nausea, and vomiting. The urine sample was positive for ketone bodies. Which of the following statements regarding the client is correct? Question 80 options: a) Glucagon should be administered to stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver b) An injection of insulin will decrease ketone-body production c) The client should be started on a glucose infusion to help them regain consciousness d) The client's blood glucose level is well below 4.4 mmol/L11) when blood calcium levels are low, which of the following hormone is releases to restore calcium homeostasis? a) thyroid hormone b)growth hormone c) calcitonin d) parathyroid hormoneA client with T2DM is admitted to the medical unit with pneumonia. The client’s oral antidiabetic medication has been discontinued and the patient is now receiving insulin for glucose control. Which of the following statements best explains the rationale for this change in medication? Question 73 options: a) Insulin administration will help prevent hypoglycemia during the illness b) Acute illnesses like pneumonia will cause increased insulin resistance c) Infection has compromised beta cell function so the client will need insulin from now on d) Stress-related conditions such as infections induce a hypermetabolic state