A rectangular block of a material with a modulus of rigidity G = 90 ksi is bonded to two rigid horizontal plates. The lower plate is fixed, while the upper plate is subject to a horizontal force P. Knowing that the upper plate moves through 0.04 in. under the action of the force, determine (a) the average shearing strain in the material, (b) the force P exerted on the upper plate.

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Methods to Determine Vertical Stress

The load applied to the soil is transferred to the underground. The presence of water at soil pores and solid grains above the soil are the primary components that are responsible for the effective load transfer. Due to the load acting, the internal component of the soil or the underground formations undergoes deformations or a tectonic shift. The amount of deformation depends upon the amount of load acting on the soil surface, which indeed, depends on the weight of everything present above the soil. Due to this, the underground soil element develops internal stresses which try to resist the tectonic changes.