A possible important environmental determinant of lung function in children is the amount of cigarette smoking in the home. Suppose this question is studied by selecting two groups: Group 1 consists of 23 nonsmoking children 5−9 years of age, both of whose parents smoke, who have a mean forced expiratory volume (FEV) of 2.1 L and a standard devia- tion of 0.7 L; group 2 consists of 20 nonsmoking children of comparable age, neither of whose parents smoke, who have a mean FEV of 2.3 L and a standard deviation of 0.4 L. *8.31 What are the appropriate null and alternative hypoth- eses to compare the means of the two groups? *8.32 What is the appropriate test procedure for the hy- potheses in Problem 8.31? *8.33 Carry out the test in Problem 8.32 using the critical- value method. *8.34 Provide a 95% CI for the true mean difference in FEV between 5- to 9-year-old children whose parents smoke and comparable children whose parents do not smoke. *8.35 Assuming this is regarded as a pilot study, how many children are needed in each group (assuming equal num- bers in each group) to have a 95% chance of detecting a significant difference using a two-sided test with α = .05? *8.36 Answer the question in Problem 8.35 if the investiga- tors use a one-sided rather than a two-sided test.
Continuous Probability Distributions
Probability distributions are of two types, which are continuous probability distributions and discrete probability distributions. A continuous probability distribution contains an infinite number of values. For example, if time is infinite: you could count from 0 to a trillion seconds, billion seconds, so on indefinitely. A discrete probability distribution consists of only a countable set of possible values.
Normal Distribution
Suppose we had to design a bathroom weighing scale, how would we decide what should be the range of the weighing machine? Would we take the highest recorded human weight in history and use that as the upper limit for our weighing scale? This may not be a great idea as the sensitivity of the scale would get reduced if the range is too large. At the same time, if we keep the upper limit too low, it may not be usable for a large percentage of the population!
A possible important environmental determinant of lung
home. Suppose this question is studied by selecting two
groups: Group 1 consists of 23 nonsmoking children 5−9
years of age, both of whose parents smoke, who have a mean
forced expiratory volume (FEV) of 2.1 L and a standard devia-
tion of 0.7 L; group 2 consists of 20 nonsmoking children of
comparable age, neither of whose parents smoke, who have
a mean FEV of 2.3 L and a standard deviation of 0.4 L.
*8.31 What are the appropriate null and alternative hypoth-
eses to compare the means of the two groups?
*8.32 What is the appropriate test procedure for the hy-
potheses in Problem 8.31?
*8.33 Carry out the test in Problem 8.32 using the critical-
value method.
*8.34 Provide a 95% CI for the true mean difference in FEV
between 5- to 9-year-old children whose parents smoke and
comparable children whose parents do not smoke.
*8.35 Assuming this is regarded as a pilot study, how many
children are needed in each group (assuming equal num-
bers in each group) to have a 95% chance of detecting a
significant difference using a two-sided test with α = .05?
*8.36 Answer the question in Problem 8.35 if the investiga-
tors use a one-sided rather than a two-sided test.
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