**Clinical Scenario and Microbial Pathogenesis**A pathogenic bacterium ferments for survival in a patient, producing a swollen, darkly discolored leg due to muscle degradation and gas-filled distention in the skin. Treatment includes pressurized hyperbaric oxygen. Which of the following options apply?- **None of the statements apply** (Selected answer)- **Streptococcus pneumoniae**: Causes community-acquired pneumonia.- **Klebsiella pneumoniae**: Causes cellular degradation in pulmonary tissues.- **Clostridium perfringens**: Causes gas gangrene, resulting in myonecrosis through the synthesis of acids and gases.- **Staphylococcus aureus**: Produces lipases and proteases.This question evaluates the identification of a bacterial infection characterized by gas gangrene, typically caused by *Clostridium perfringens*. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is a common treatment for such infections. ### Understanding Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms#### Question:Which of the following are examples of mechanisms of antibiotic resistance **except**?1. **Tetracycline resistance by efflux pumps to pump antibiotic out of the cell** - Efflux pumps actively transport tetracycline out of the cell, reducing intracellular drug concentration.2. **Secretion of urease enzyme to produce ammonia (NH3) destroying mucous producing cells** - This process involves urease enzyme breaking down urea to ammonia, which harms mucous-producing cells, but it is not a direct antibiotic resistance mechanism.3. **Enzymatic destruction of penicillin family antibiotics by beta-lactamases** - Beta-lactamases are enzymes that break down the beta-lactam ring in penicillin, rendering it ineffective.4. **Alteration of tetrapeptide chains by Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE)** (Correct Answer) - VRE alter tetrapeptide chains to prevent vancomycin from binding, showcasing a resistance mechanism specific to certain antibiotics.5. **Enzymatic modification of aminoglycosides to prevent antibiotic binding to the target molecule** - Enzymes alter aminoglycosides, impeding their binding to the ribosomal target and negating their antibacterial effect.The option that **does not** describe a mechanism of antibiotic resistance is related to the urease enzyme's effect, which does not directly confer antibiotic resistance.

Clostridium perfringens is a gram positive, anaerobic, spore forming bacteria which cause gas gangreneAnswer:- option C Clostridium perfringens cause gas gangrene in which blood supply halt leading necrosis of body part then release of gas and pungent smell. It's can be treated with antibiotics in early stages otherwise infected area has to be cut down.