A large corporation sends many of its first-level managers to an off-site supervisory skills training course. Four different management development centres offer this course. The director of human resources would like to know whether there is a difference in the quality of training provided at the four centres. An independent random sample of five employees was chosen from each training centre. The employees were then ranked 1 to 20 in terms of supervisory skills. A rank of 1 was assigned to the employee with the best supervisory skills. The ranks are shown. Use α = 0.05 and test whether there is a significant difference in the quality of training provided by the four programs. ABCD 3 2 19 20 14 7 16 4 10 1 9 15 12 5 18 6 13 11 17 8

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Types of Bias

Statistics is the study of data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Statistical bias is a characteristic of a statistical technique or its findings in which the expected value deviates from the actual root quantitative parameter being estimated. According to the actual definition of bias, it refers to the tendency of a statistic to overestimate or underestimate a parameter.