A healthcare provider notices an outbreak of foodborne illness among individuals who attended a holiday cookout. Which study type would be most beneficial in identifying the source of the outbreak?
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- Seattle Grace Medical Center. As part of a long-term study of individuals 65 years of age or older, doctors at the Seattle Grace Medical Center in Washington state investigated the relationship between state of residence and depression. A sample of 60 individuals, all in reasonably good health, was selected; 20 individuals were residents of Texas, 20 were residents of Washington state, and 20 were residents of South Carolina. Each of the individuals sampled was given a standardized test to measure depression. The data collected follow; higher test scores indicate higher levels of depression. These data are contained in the attached data file SeattleGrace1. A second part of the study considered the relationship between state of residence and depression for individuals 65 years of age or older who had a chronic health condition such as diabetes and/or high blood pressure. A sample of 60 individuals with such conditions was identified. Again, 20 were residents of Texas, 20 were residents…“The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said about 72 million Americans—nearly one out of every four of the country’s 304 million residents—are considered obese. Millions more are designated as overweight.” The American trend toward obesity has prompted many physicians to offer weight-loss programs to their patients. [Source: Price, W. T. “Physicians Get into the Weight-Loss Business.” Florida Today, July 7, 2008.] A physician conducted an experimental study to compare the effectiveness of four different weight-loss programs. In the study, 64 obese adults were randomly assigned to the four programs so that each program had 16 adults. The programs lasted for six months. The weights of the subjects were measured before and after the programs, and each subject’s weight loss was computed in pounds. The following table summarizes the results of the study, giving the number of observations and the sample mean and variance of the subjects’ weight loss in each program.…Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Dr. Guidry submits her study for publication in a scientific journal. If one of the peer reviewers is concerned about the external validity of her study, which of the following is the most important aspect of Dr. Guidry's study to consider? the number of significant findings the random sampling technique used to recruit the participants the number of people in the sample the use of three measured variables
- A researcher is interested in exploring the relationship between calcium intake and weight loss. Two different groups, each with 2626 dieters, are chosen for the study. Group A is required to follow a specific diet and exercise regimen, and also take a 500-mg supplement of calcium each day. Group B is required to follow the same diet and exercise regimen, but with no supplemental calcium. After six months on the program, the members of Group A had lost a mean of 10.4 pounds with a standard deviation of 2.6 pounds. The members of Group B had lost a mean of 11.7pounds with a standard deviation of 2.8 pounds during the same time period. Assume that the population variances are not the same. Construct a 99% confidence interval to estimate the true difference between the mean amounts of weight lost by dieters who supplement with calcium and those who do not. Let Population 1 be the amount of weight lost by Group A, who took a 500-mg supplement of calcium each day, and let Population 2 be…A researcher has found a strong relationship between level of education and income and concludes that “higher levels of education cause higher income.” What error has been made?What is a confounding variable in research, and how can it affect the results of a study? Provide an example of a confounding variable in a hypothetical study.
- The phrase “Correlation does not equal causation” means: Question 30 options: there is no guarantee that a cause-and-effect relationship exists between two variables that are correlated. there is only a 30% chance that a cause-and-effect relationship exists between two variables. a cause-and-effect relationship only certainly exists when data are gathered in a specific way. a cause-and-effect relationship can only exist with ratio-level variables.A study prospectively examined whether sleep-disordered breathing was associated with an increased risk of death from any cause in a cohort of 600 adults participating in the Sleep Heart Health Study. Study participants were classified into four groups depending on the extent of their sleep-disordered breathing (none, mild, moderate, or severe). The counts of deaths over the course of the study are reported for each group in the following two-way table. Mild Severe 100 Death No Death Total None 40 100 140 40 100 140 Moderate 20 100 120 Total 200 400 600 100 200 We want to know whether the study findings give evidence of a significant difference of the number of deaths between the different groups. Set up the alternative hypothesis (H, : The distribution of the categorical variable is not as given by the null hypothesis (lack of fit) At least ones of the means is different from the others O The two categorical variables are dependent The distribution of the categorical variable is not…A certain virus affects 0.7% of the population. A test used to detect the virus in a person is positive 87% of the time if the person has the virus (true positive) and 14% of the time if the person does not have the virus (false positive). Fill out the remainder of the following table and use it to answer the two questions below based on a total sample of 100,000 people. Virus No Virus TotalPositive Test Negative Test Total 100,000a) Find the probability that a person has the virus given that they have tested positive. Round your answer to the nearest hundredth of a percent and do not include a percent sign. % b) Find the probability that a person does not have the virus given that they test negative. Round your answer to the nearest hundredth of a percent and do not include a percent sign. %
- A researcher conducts a cross-sectional analysis of workers and finds a positive correlation between the number of hours high schoolers spent practicing a musical instrument and their subsequent college performance. Explain how this relationship could be causal. The researcher advocates a policy of requiring all students to take band in order to improve future outcomes. What is a possible problem with this analysis?2. [modified from page 76 #3] Coughlin et al. examined the breast and cervical screening practices of Hispanic and non-Hispanic women in counties that approximate the U.S. southern border region. The study used data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys of adults age 18 years or older conducted in 1999 and 2000. The table below reports the number of observations of Hispanic and non-Hispanic women who had received a mammogram in the past 2 years cross-classified with marital status. Marital Status Currently Married Divorced or Separated Widowed Never Married or Living As an Unmarried Couple Total Hispanic 319 130 88 41 578 Non-Hispanic 738 329 402 95 1564 Total 1057 459 490 136 2142 a) We select at random a subject who had a mammogram. What is the probability that she is widowed? b) We select at random a subject who had a mammogram and learn that she is Hispanic. With that information, what is the probability that she is married? e) Def two vents in this space that…The National Highway traffic Safety Administration requires each U.S. state to carry out an observational study to assess the level of seat belt use in the state. One report summarized data from a study done in a certain state. The proportions in the accompanying table are based on observations of over 25,000 drivers and passengers. Male Female Uses Seatbelt Does Not Use Seat Belt 0.42 0.455 0.08 0.045 Assume that these proportions are representative of adults in this state and that an adult from this state is selected at random. (a) What is the probability that the selected adult does not use a seat belt given that the selected individual is female? (b) What is the probability that the selected individual is female given that the selected individual does not use a seat belt? (c) Are the probabilities from parts (a) and (b) equal? Write a couple of sentences explaining why or why not. They --Select--- ✓ equal. Part (a) is the proportion of [---Select--- ---Select--- and part (b) is the…