A gene has two alleles A (frequency = p) and a(frequency = q). If a population is at Hardy-Weinbergequilibrium, develop mathematical expressions interms of p and q that predict the following matingfrequencies:a. Between two AA homozygotesb. Between two aa homozygotesc. Between two Aa heterozygotesd. Between an AA homozygote and an aa homozygotee. Between an AA homozyote and an Aa heterozygotef. Between an aa homozygote and an Aa heterozygote Considering your answers to parts (a)–(f):g. Do the six possibilities listed account for all possible matings? How would you know whether this istrue mathematically? Demonstrate this latter pointby setting p equal to an arbitrary number between0 and 1 such as 0.2.h. Can you develop a simple, general rule for calculating the mating frequencies between individualsof the same genotype versus the mating frequencies between individuals of different genotypes?i. If the population is equally divided between malesand females, what proportion of all matings will bebetween an AA male and an AA female? Betweenan AA male and an Aa female? Between an AAmale and an aa female?
Gene Flow
Gene flow, also known as gene migration, is the introduction of genetic material from a particular population to another population of the same species through interbreeding. For example, a bee facilitates its reproductive process by carrying pollen from one flower to another. The flow alters the composition of the gene pool of the receiving population. It introduces new alleles within the population and helps increase variability. This exchange of genetic material occurs through reproduction and brings about new combinations of traits into the population. Where human beings are concerned, actual migration of populations, whether voluntary or forced, brings about gene flow.
Population Biology
Population biology is the study of patterns in organism populations, specifically the growth and management of population size, population genetics, the evolution of life history, species interactions, and demography.
Speciation
The process of speciation involves the formation of new species during evolution. The new species evolve in such a way that both new and old species are not able to interbreed. Thus, speciation occurs when few members of one species get separated from the main species due to geographical, mechanical, or reproductive isolation. These separated members develop new traits that make them different from the main species. In other words, speciation could be defined as the absence of gene flow between two populations that become new species.
Allele Fixation
A gene is a unit of heredity and contains both physical and functional information that shapes an individual. Genes are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which carry genetic information from one generation to another, from one set of parents to their offspring, and so on. Every cell in a human body, or any living organism, has the same DNA, which implies that every cell in an individual’s body has all the information it needs to build and sustain the body!
A gene has two alleles A (frequency = p) and a
(frequency = q). If a population is at Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium, develop mathematical expressions in
terms of p and q that predict the following mating
frequencies:
a. Between two AA homozygotes
b. Between two aa homozygotes
c. Between two Aa heterozygotes
d. Between an AA homozygote and an aa homozygote
e. Between an AA homozyote and an Aa heterozygote
f. Between an aa homozygote and an Aa heterozygote Considering your answers to parts (a)–(f):
g. Do the six possibilities listed account for all possible matings? How would you know whether this is
true mathematically? Demonstrate this latter point
by setting p equal to an arbitrary number between
0 and 1 such as 0.2.
h. Can you develop a simple, general rule for calculating the mating frequencies between individuals
of the same genotype versus the mating frequencies between individuals of different genotypes?
i. If the population is equally divided between males
and females, what proportion of all matings will be
between an AA male and an AA female? Between
an AA male and an Aa female? Between an AA
male and an aa female?
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