A distillation unit consists of a partial reboiler, a bubble cap column, and a total condenser. The overall plate efficiency is 65%. The feed is a liquid mixture, at its bubble point, consisting of 50 mole% benzene in toluene. This liquid is fed to the optimum plate. The column is to produce a distillate containing 9š mole% benzene and a bottoms of 95 mole% toluene. Calculate for an operating pressure of I atm: (a) Minimum reflux ratio (L/D)min- (b) Minimum number of actual plates to carry out the desired separation. (c) Using a reflux ratio (LID) of 50% more than the minimum, the number of actual plates needed. Equilibrium data In mole fraction benzene, 101 kPa 0.96 0.9 0.98 0.95 0.86 0.91 0.8 0.72 0.79 0.6 0.21 0.37 0.2 0.51 0.3 0.64 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.7

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Hazard Analysis and Design in Chemical Engineering

Hazard is the intrinsic property of a material or process which harms the people, buildings, or environment. Health, safety, hazard, risk assessment, loss prevention, and environmental consideration play an important role while designing a chemical processing plant. Hazard is often confused with risk. Risk measures the magnitude of loss and injury of likelihood incidents or the consequence and frequency of incidents.