A bar ABCD has a circular cross section of 75 mm diameter over half its length and 50 mm diameter over the remaining half of its length. A torque of 1 kNm is applied at C midway between B and D as shown in Fig. P.11.4. Sketch the distribution of torque along the length of the bar and calculate the maximum shear stress and the maximum angle of twist in the bar. G=70 000 N/mm². Ans. Tmax = 23.2 N/mm² in CD, 0.38° at C.

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System of Forces

A force is an external influence or agent that changes the state of a system. According to Newton's second law, the force applied to a body is proportional to the change in momentum of a body. Hence, whenever a force is applied to a body, its momentum changes. If the body is at rest, under the action of force, its state of rest changes to motion. In other words, the magnitude of the momentum of the body changes from zero to a measurable value. Similarly, if the body possesses some initial velocity, it has some associated momentum, the effect of force can cause the body to halt or come to rest, that is, the momentum reduces to zero.