A bacterium can protect itself against antibiotics in different ways. Describe 4 fundamentally different mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Discuss if there are any basics differences or similarities between these 4 mechanisms and if so describe these.
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A bacterium can protect itself against antibiotics in different ways. Describe 4 fundamentally different mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Discuss if there are any basics differences or similarities between these 4 mechanisms and if so describe these.
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- Why is antibiotic resistance a problem and how can antibiotic resistance be prevented? (List the 7 methods for preventing resistance.)Below, you can see a picture of an antimicrobial drug. Regarding semi-synthetic antimicrobial drug development to try to avoid development of antibiotic resistance, use 1 sentence to address what is the significance/value of the presence of the various R-groups (e.g. R4, R5, R6, etc.)?Antibiotic resistance can be transferred from one bacterial cell to another. Describe how this process can occur.
- *hi i am studying bioconjugation engineering MBS crosslinker contains aromatic ring in the spacer. discuss if this ring structure helps stabilize maleimides against hydrolysis. Which spacer (aromatic / aliphatic) is better for immunotoxin conjugation. explain why.In antibiotics, define the terms bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal. What are the mechanism of action and resistance of beta-lactam antibiotic. What are the mechanism of action for one antibiotic effective against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA).Before development of a vaccine against this microbe, thedisease it caused accounted for two-thirds of bacterial meningi-tis cases during the first year of life but is still the number oneleading cause of mental retardation in patients who survive seri-ous disease due to permanent central nervous system disorders.What is the microorganism?(a) Haemophilus influenzae type B(b) Haemophilus influenzae type A(c) Neisseria meningitidis(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae(e) Listeria monocytogenes
- Various antimicrobial drugs to treat microbial infection have diverse mechanism of action. Consider the following antimicrobial drugs: A. Seconeolitsine, known as DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor in bacteria. (i) Explain briefly how inhibiting DNA topoisomerase I is a good mechanism of action for an antibiotic, include possible molecular machineries being targeted. (ii) What would be an appropriate response if seconeolitsine works well by stating the state of supercoiling in bacteria. (iii) To prove your answer (ii), you test the condition of bacterial DNA by running gel electrophoresis, one has been treated with seconeolitsine (+ sample) and the other one is not (- sample). Explain the position of each + sample and – sample band on the gel in reference to the point of origin (where you load your samples) or how far each DNA sample travel across agarose gel. (iv) Explain why you would expect answer (iii) for each + sample and – sample. B.…What 4 principal antibiotic resistance (ABR) mechanisms are there? Is there a fundamental difference or similarities between any of the mechanisms?A 65 year old patient undergoes a hernia repair surgery. He receives a polypropylene mesh implant that prevents hernia recurrence. The healing goes well, but four weeks after the surgery he develops fever and sense of discomfort at the surgery site. On a physical examination, there is skin redness and fluctuating mass (palpable mass filled with fluid) around the incision. The doctor suspects that mesh got infected and plans mesh removal surgery. 1) Describe the sequence of local events during wound healing after the implantation of the mesh. For each of the stages of the wound healing process, specify cells that are involved, their role(s), signal molecules that are involved, and their roles.
- The ribosome is the target for many important antibiotics. These drugs must discriminate between bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes to achieve drug specificity and toxicity. For the two common antibiotics below, what is their mechanism of action and why are they more toxic to bacteria than eukaryotes? a) Tetracycline b) Erythromycinhttp://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=3&brch=73&sim=1628&cnt=1 Explain how the Kirby-Bauer method relies on diffusion of antibioticsDescribe an experiment in which you demonstrate that the pUL44 protein of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) localizes with phospho-H2AX (yH2AX). What reagent can be used to denote the cellular location of H2AX? Be sure to carefully describe your controls, as well as the expected results. What other technique can be used to validate the findings in this experiment? Explain.