A 69-year-old male patient presents to the department of emergency medicine at a local hospital with a fever, cough, and low blood pressure. He had a dual kidney and liver transplant three months ago and was taking a medicine called tacrolimnus, which suppresses cellular immunity (prevents T-cell activation) to prevent organ rejection. He was found to have cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia. The donor of these organs tested positive for this virus but according to his family was not ill before his untimely death in an automobile accident. Discuss the following questions: Why did the transplant recipient get sick from the virus if the organ donor was not ill? What broad category of immunity was suppressed in this transplant patient? Discuss the different branches of the immune system and where the T-cells fit into these branches. Discuss the various types of T-cells and what the function is for each type.

Q: what are the vaccines

A: Inorder to protect ourself from various diseases we takes some steps such as: Taking clean and safe…

Q: This year, SARS-COV-2 strains have been reported to have mutated in the body of an immunocompromised…

A: There may be now clear evidence of altered antigenicity of SARS- CoV-2 spike protein and amino acid…

Q: Vijay Kumar, a 19-year-old male who had emigrated to the United States from South India two years…

A: Allergic contact dermatitis/ACD is an acute condition that develops as the skin comes in contact…

Q: Viruses can easily mutate exchange genetic material, mechanisms referred to as antigenic drift and…

A: Antigenic Drift - The virus changes genetically by accumulating mutations within the genes that code…

Q: explain what the red box (figure 1) is showing. the figure 1 description is confusing please help me…

A: Title: Insights into the Structure and Assembly of Human Astrovirus: A CryoEM StudyAbstract:Human…

Q: What’s the difference between HIV and AIDS

A: The small, minute, and microscopic organisms are called microorganisms. The main groups of…

Q: 155-pound patient (height 5'9") is ordered interferon Alfa-2b IM 2 million 3 times a week. The drug…

A: Given-  Weight of patient= 155 pounds. Height= 5 feet 9 inches. Interferon alfa-2b IM 2 million 3…

Q: “Type I interferons serve as the first line of defence against viral infections”. Give a schematic…

A: Type I interferons (IFNs) indeed serve as the first line of defense against viral infections. They…

Q: When an antibody binds to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, it may block access of the spike protein…

A: Our immune system is  strong enough to fight with the viruses as well as bacteria. Their Prime…

Q: It is observed that there is a decrease in the antibody level against Wuhan strain of virus but an…

A: Antibodies are the components of the adaptive immune system. Antibodies are produced by the plasma B…

Q: What part of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a potential target site for a vaccine? Explain your reasoning;…

A: Vaccine is a preparation which is responsible for producing the active acquired immune response in…

Q: Can you tell me about the contribution of Don Francis in the society's knowledge about HIV?

A: AIDS is an Acquired Immune disorder syndrome that is caused by HIV (Human Immuno deficiency virus).…

Q: Over the past year we have endured the Covid-19 pandemic. Accumulating evidence suggests that the…

A: Immmune system is a very important tool for fighting off the infection. The main features of immune…

Q: A researcher performs an experiment where he infects 2 mice (Mouse A and Mouse B) with herpes…

A: Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is known for its invasiveness against immune response. Major…

Q: what type of immunity is responsible for aggulutination of viruses

A:

Q: Why are there so many mutations? What are the bacterial defense system differences from SARS-Cov 2…

A: Abrupt changes inside the DNA that may or may not change the amino acids sequence in a protein is…

Q: Why is HIV infection dangerous? b.) How is the HIV virus transmitted? C.) And how can infection be…

A: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) originated from the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) of…

Q: Depict the replication cycle of HIV, beginning with entry of the virus into host cells

A: AIDS is a condition in which the host's immune system is weakened. Many circumstances compromise the…

Q: The major issue associated with the use of live, attenuated virus for vaccines is _____. A)…

A: ANSWER) The use of live attenuated virus for vaccines is not recommended as the attenuated virus can…

Q: Why did Sabin create an oral vaccine?    - Oral vaccine are always more effective than injected…

A: The immune system is a complicated physiological system comprised of several organs, tissues, and…

Q: A recently emerged virus has been transmitting and mutating rapidly in humans throughout the world.…

A: * Viruses can transmit and replicate faster and can multiply their genome within seconds if host is…

Q: In class we discussed 7 different types of diseases that can occur from Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1…

A: Since I am unaware of the diseases that have been discussed in your class, I will be answering this…

Q: Given what we know about HIV, describe the impact of this virus on humoral and cellular immunity.…

A: The retrovirus known as HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) preferentially attacks and kills CD4+ T…

Q: i) Describe and explain i) the role that flight plays in creating these kinds of viruses, ii) how…

A: Bats are classified into mammals with the order Chiroptera. Bats forelimbs are adapted as a wings…

Q: Write the full form of HIV.

A: Introduction  We are surrounded by wide variety of pathogens and the list is continue growing as the…

Q: These are released by host cells in response to viral stimulation. Some act to prevent viral…

A: Introduction  A virus is an infectious microorganism made up of a protein-coated segment of nucleic…

Q: What is the difference between HIV and AIDS? Include some symptoms associated with each.

A: Infection with HIV destroys the CD4 cells that helps to fight against infections. AIDS is the last…

Q: How could you design a new SARS-CoV3 vaccine that elicits broad immunity with B cell memory to…

A: SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, first appeared in China in late 2019. Since then, it has…

Q: are scientists in the process of developing a vaccine for HIV?

A: Over the years, the greatest challenge in developing an effective HIV vaccine has been the high rate…

Q: All plaques contain a clonal population of phage. True or false

A: What is the clonal population of phage - A clonal population is a group of individuals which do not…

Q: 64. A 56-year-old man has a 3-week history of fever and malaise, and a 6.8-kg (15-lb) weight loss…

A: Cervical adenopathy: It is a medical term used to describe enlarged lymph nodes in the neck region.…

Q: Can S-layer proteins be detected by immunolabelling when a capsule is present? How do you know? I…

A: The above text is a scientific research article detailing a study on the capsulation and S-layer…

Q: Susceptibility/Predisposition to Infectious Disease Why is it that some people always seem to get…

A: Immunity is the most important factor that initiates the role of the protection against the…

Q: why do we have to do a screening and confirmatory tests for hiv here in the philippines?

A: Screening tests are for searching unrecognized disease or defect by applied tests in a healthy…

Q: A number of retroviruses can infect certain human cells. List two of them, briefly describe the…

A: ANSWER: Retroviruses- A type of viruses that have RNA as their genetic material in place of DNA.…

Q: Please answer all parts, thank you!) 1) Mature red blood cells contain hemoglobin for transporting…

A: Here i discussed about the questions related to virus.

Q: Compare and contrast the role and types of viral mutations in 1918 IAV and SARS-C0V-2 in the…

A: As a virus multiplies, its genes encounter random genetic mutations. As a result of these genetic…

Q: The ______ phase of HIV infection is asymptomatic. This is the phase in which HIV replication…

A: Introduction :  AIDS, also known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, is a chronic, potentially…

Q: All of the following are true concerning the Alere HIV test except: a)this test can detect…

A: Introduction  HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus which cause AIDS (Acquired…

Q: Identify the virus responsible for adult T-cell leukemia.

A: Adult T-cell leukemia is a mature T- cell malignancy,  characterized by organomegaly, hypercalcemia…

Q: A few years ago, Ebola was all over the news and it looks like it may return. A treatment method…

A: In a plasma-only donation, the liquid portion of the donor's blood is separated from the cells.

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.