A 20m thick submerged saturated clay layer has water content of 57%. The specific gravity of the solid particle is 2.84. 1.Determine the density of the clay in kg/m³. 2.Determine the total vertical stress at the bottom of the clay layer in kpa. 3.Determine the effective vertical stress at the bottom of the clay layer in kpa.

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Principles of Seepage

In hydrology, when water flows down in a pore or crack of unsaturated soil due to gravity, the deep layer of soil is called seepage. It is the slow movement of water in the soil layer. Seepage is mainly found near hydraulic structures and is responsible for the stability of earthen-type hydraulic structures.