[9] Cooperation among firms tends to be more difficult when: there are short retaliatory lags. firms sell differentiated products. when an industry trade association exists. А. В. С. D. All of the above
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- Suppose that the market for computers is dominated by a single firm, like IBM, that is able to exert influence over prices and output. This situation violates the perfect competition assumption of*many buyers and sellers.identical or homogeneous goods.ease of entry and exit.no differentiation. City hotels and restaurants are illustrative of*pure competition.monopolistic competition.oligopoly.monopoly.This characteristic of oligopoly implies that there is interdependence among firms that leads to conflicting motives, that leads them to act and react on the price movements of one another.*lack of uniformitycompetitionno unique patter of pricing behaviorinterdependence The actions of a firm in a purely competitive industry have no effect on market price; therefore, the demand curve faced by the firm is*unknown.a downward-sloping curve.a horizontal line at the level of the market price.a firm’s total revenue curve. A competitor maximizes profit by producing the output that*equates price…Assume an oligopolist confronts two possible demand curves for its own output, as illustrated below. The first (A) prevails if other oligopolists don't match price changes. The second (B) prevails if rivals do match price changes. Price (dollars per unit) 19- 17 Demand B 15- Demand A 13- 11. 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Quantity (units per period) (a) By how much does quantity demanded increase if price is reduced from $11 to $9 and Instructions: Enter your responses rounded to the nearest whole number. (i) Rivals match the price cut? (ii) Rivals don't match the price cut? (b) By how much does quantity demanded decrease when price is raised from $11 to $15 and Instructions: Enter your responses rounded to the nearest whole number (do not include negative signs). (i) Rivals match the price hike? (ii) Rivals don't match the price hike?____ occurs when price‐ and quantity‐fixing agreements among producers are undeclared. a) Tacit collusion b) Strategic collusion c) Oligopoly d) Monopolistic competition
- What are the key trade offs of imperfect competition? Question 8 options: The monopolistically competitive market structure fails to achieve allocative efficiency, but the firms all face perfectly elastic demand curves. The monopolistically competitive market structure provides powerful incentives for innovation, but the strongest firms in a monopolistically competitive market become oligopolists. The monopolistically competitive market structure allows firms to achieve economic profit in the short run, but the individual firms all face perfectly elastic demand curves. The monopolistically competitive market structure provides powerful incentives for innovation, but they never achieve productive efficiency in the long run.A market with significant barriers to entry and a single price-setting firm. A market with no barriers to entry and a large number of price-taking firms. A market with no barriers to entry and a large number of price-setting firms. A market with significant barriers to entry and a small number of price-setting firms. :: oligopoly :: monopoly : perfect competition :: monopolistic competitionTwo firms produce goods that are imperfect substitutes. If firm 1 charges price p1 and firm 2 charges price p2, then their respective demands are q1 = 12 - 2p1 + p2 and q2 = 12 + p1 - 2p2 So this is like Bertrand competition, except that when p1 > p2, firm 1 still gets a positive demand for its product. Regulation does not allow either firm to charge a price higher than 20. Both firms have a constant marginal cost c = 4. (a) Construct the best reply function BR1(p2) for firm 1. That is, p1 = BR1(p2) is the optimal price for firm 1 if it is known that firm 2 charges a price p2. Construct a Nash equilibrium in pure strategies for this game. Are there any Nash equilibria in mixed strategies? If yes, construct one; if no provide a justification. (b) Notice that for any given price p1, firm 1’s demand increases with p2, so firm 1 is better off when firm 2 charges a high price p2. What is the best reply to p2 = 20? What is the best reply to p2 = 0 (c) What prices for firm 1 are…
- Scenario: Madison Company is a large manufacturer and distributor of cake supplies. It is based in Chicago(Headquarters) and Trinidad. It sends supplies to firms throughout the United States and the UnitedKingdom. It markets its supplies through periodic mass mailings of catalogs to those firms. Itsclients can make orders over the phone and Madison ships the supplies upon demand.The main competition for Madison’s in the United States comes from one U.S. firm and oneCanadian firm. A British firm has a small share of the U.S. market but is at a disadvantagebecause of its distance. The British firm’s marketing and transportation costs in the U.S. marketare relatively high. Given that one-third of the company sales are exported to the United Kingdom and invoices forexports are in US dollars, the demand for its exports is highly sensitive to the value of the Britishpound. In order to maintain its inventory at a proper level, it must forecast the total demand for itsproducts which is…Answer the second partDefine Oligopoly market structure . Discuss the barriers to entry and exit in an oligopoly market .(mic
- DuopolyMarket for mechanical pencils can be described by the following demand schedule:Price | Number of pencils demanded$6 | 80$5 | 200$4 | 320$3 | 440$2 | 560$1 | 680$0 | 800The fixed cost is $340, while the variable cost is $0.50.d) If there were two firms on the market and they agreed to cooperate, how much would eachfirm need to produce? Follow the procedure outlined in the lecture and show that the otherfirm would prefer to deviate from the agreement.e) When the firms deviate from the agreement, there is a new optimal level of output. Showwhether the firms have an incentive to deviate from that level?f) If there were two firms on the market, what would be the price and the quantity of pencilstraded if the firms couldn’t cooperate?There is only one provider of electricity in San Diego County - SDGE. They have a lot of power to set prices. They set prices so that margin cost = marginal revenue, Choose.. Choose.. There is one market price for crude oil. In this type of commodity market, every supplier is a price taker Oligopolistic Competition Monopolistic Competition Price Discrimination We often see price wars in the airline industry. In this industry, there are a few big players and they pay attention to their competitors' pricing decisions and are likely to respond accordingly. Monopoly Pure or Perfect Competition Price Fixing In many branded consumer goods markets, there are many sellers each selling over a broad range of prices. Thus, you can get a pair of Fila running shoes for $40 or a pair of Nikes for $80. This type of market is best categorized as Choose.16-1. Two equal sized newspaper have an overlap in circulation of 10% (10% of the subscribers subscribe to both newspaper). Advertisers are willing to pay $10 to advertise in one newspaper but only $19 to advertise in both , because they’re are unwilling to pay twice to reach the same subscribers. What’s the likely bargaining negotiation outcome if the advertisers bargain by telling each newspaper that they’re going to reach an agreement with the other newspaper so the gains to reaching agreement are only $9? Suppose the two newspaper merge. What is the likely post merger bargaining outcome?