8.5 Figure 7.1 is drawn from Harrison and Rubinfeld's study of the demand for air pollutionin Boston. Make a copy of Figure 7.1 and then estimate the total willingness to pay, for ahousehold earning $15,000 per year, of reducing NOX levels from 6 to 4 parts per hundredmillion.MWTP ($)-500-1000-1500-2000-2500-300001NOx (pphm)1011Income $8500Income $11,500=Income = $15,000

From the figure below, we see that for a household with $15,000 incomeMaximum willingness to pay for…

Answered: 8.5 Figure 7.1 is drawn from Harrison…

Micro Economics For Today

10th Edition

ISBN:9781337613064

Author:Tucker, Irvin B.

Publisher:Tucker, Irvin B.

Chapter14: Environmental Economics

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 9SQP

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How can high-income countries benefit from covering much of the cost of reducing pollution created by low-income countries?
A city currently emits 15 million gallons (MG) of raw sewage into a lake that is beside the city. Table 12.13 shows the total costs (TC) in thousands of dollars of cleaning up the sewage to different levels, together with the total benefits (TB) of doing so. Benefits include environmental, recreational, health, and industrial benefits. Using the information in Table 12.13 calculate the marginal costs and marginal benefits of reducing sewage emissions for this City. What is the optimal level of sewage for this city? How can you tell?
Is zero pollution possible under a marketable permits system? Why or why not?
What is a pollution charge and what incentive does it provide for a firm to take external costs into account?
What is command-and-control environmental regulation?
An emissions tax on a quantity of emissions from a film is not a command-and-control approach to reducing pollution. Why?
California once proposed legislation that would have required 10 percent of its car fleet to be nearly emissions-free by the year 2003. This mandate spurred electric vehicle research. Such vehicles could be powered by photovoltaic cells or by batteries that are recharged using an electrical outlet. Would you agree that it is correct to conclude that electric vehicles that use electrical outlets are emissions-free? What about electric vehicles powered by photovoltaic cells?
What is an externality?
Refer to Table 12.2. The externality created by the refrigerator production was 100. However, once we accounted for both the private and additional external costs, the market price increased by only 50. If the external costs were 100 why did the price only increase by 50 when we accounted for all costs?
Table 12.12, shows the supply and demand conditions for a firm that will play trumpets on the streets when requested. QS1 is the quantity supplied without social costs. QS2 is the quantity supplied with social costs. What is the negative externality in this situation? Identify the equilibrium price and quantity when we account only for private costs, and then when we account for social costs. How does accounting for the externality affect the equilibrium price and quantity?
Federal excise taxes on gasoline vary widely across the developed world. The United States has the lowest taxes at USD $0.40 per gallon (or Â£0.07 per liter), Canada has taxes of $0.60 per gallon, Japan and much of Europe is $2.00 per gallon, while Britain has the highest tax at $2.83 a gallon or Â£0.5 per liter. If gasoline taxes are intended to reduce the time losses from road congestion in urban environments and gasoline pre-tax costs about Â£0.40 per liter, why might the optimal tax in Canada be 50 percent higher than in the United States? What would be an explanation for why adjacent countries would have such different estimates of the price elasticity of demand for auto driving?16
Assume that the marginal private costs of a film producing fuel-efficient can; is greater than the marginal social costs. Assume that the marginal private benefits of a firm producing fuel efficient cars are the same as the marginal social benefits. Discuss one wags.r that the government cans ï¬‚y to increase production and sales of fuel efficient cars to the socially desirable amount. Hint: the government is flying to affect production through costs, net benefits.

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