Electronic Transitions and Spectroscopy
The term “electronic” connotes electron, and the term “transition” implies transformation. In a molecule, the electrons move from a lower to a higher energy state due to excitation. The two energy states, the ground state and the excited state are the lowest and the highest energy states, respectively. An energy change is observed with this transition, which depicts the various data related to the molecule.
Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is a part of experimental chemistry. It is a technique used in laboratories that involves projecting intense beams of radiation on a sample element. In response, the element ejects electrons for which the relative energies are measured.
You are giving a talk at a professional meeting on the absorption spectrum of the HCl molecule (as shown), which has been obtained with a sample including molecules containing only the chlorine-35 atom, so that the double peaks as shown appear as single peaks. After discussing all of the information you can glean about the rotational motion of the molecules from the spectrum, you see a hand raised by a colleague from another university who always asks biting questions. He says, “That’s all well and good, but what about the vibration of the molecule; for example, what is the effective spring constant for the HCl molecule?” You are not upset in the slightest by this question because you prepared in advance for any questions you could think of. You immediately state a numerical value for the effective spring constant of the HCl molecule.
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