8. Ketone bodies were found in the urine of the patient with diabetes mellitus.Explain the sequence of metabolic changes resulting in ketonuria. For thatanswer the question and do the following tasks:a) what are the ranges of ketone bodics in blood of the healthy pcople and thepatients with diabetes mellitus?b) explain the main changes in hormonal regulation of patient with diabetesmellitus;c) explain why the level of free fatty acids in the blood is clevated;d) name the pathways of lipid metabolism which becomes more active in patientswith diabetes mellitus;e) draw the scheme of ketone body synthesis and oxidation.

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Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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The level of ketones should be low or absent in MCAD patients?
The hormones insulin and glucagon play an important role in the regulation of plasma glucose. b) People with Type II diabetes mellitus can manage their condition (maintain adequate glycaemic control) through use of oral hypoglycaemic drugs. Provide a rationale for how two hypoglycaemic drugs, with different mechanisms of action, can both work to lower blood glucose levels in Type II diabetes.
Patient who had undergone a complex maxillofacial operation could not takefood during 2 days, but glucose level in the patient's blood during that period wason the lower limit of normal. What mechanisms facilitate the maintenance ofnormal level of glucose in prolonged starvation? To answer this question:a) indicate normal fasting blood glucose level;b) draw the metabolic pathway ensuring glucose synthesis in patient's body duringa period of starvation, mark the enzymes and coenzymes;c) list the substrates of this process and its localization.
In own words, give 5 or more reasons why most of the clinical features of the diseases a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency, succinate dehydrogenase deficiency, and fumarase deficiency involve muscle and nerve tissue? and explain those reasons. Cite used references.
Vitamin K questionsa) What transformation of glutamate side chains is Vitamin K (as its reduced form, VitaminKH2) involved in, and what is the relevance of this reaction to blood clotting?b) How does the blood thinner Coumadin (warfarin) prevent clotting?c) How can the dietary intake of large amounts of green vegetables, such as broccoli or kaleinterfere with the action of Coumadin?
1.20-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus was hospitalized with confused consciousness,fever,nausea,vomiting and fruity smelling breath. A urine sample was strongly positive for ketone bodies.Why would an insulin injection decrease her ketone body production? For the answer: a) indicatethe causes of diabetes mellitus:describe the scheme of signal transduction by insulin. b)compare the blood glucose levels in healthy patients and in patients with diabetes mellitus; c)explain why ketone bodies synthesis is activated in this patient: describe the schemes of ketone bodies synthesis and oxidation.
explain why natural protease inhibitors (peptide extracts from the pancreas of cattle - aprotinin) can also arrest the destruction of pancreatic proteins, but often cause an allergic reaction.
The disease beriberi, which results from a dietary deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine), is characterized by neurologic and cardiac symptoms, as well as increased levels of pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate in the blood. How does a deficiency of thiamine account for the increased levels of pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate?
93. In an experiment to determine the effect of the route of administration of glucose on insulin secretion, a healthy 25-year-old man is given oral glucose and an equivalent dose of intravenous glucose on different days. Serum studies show that the insulin concentrations are greater after oral glucose than after intravenous glucose. In comparison with intravenous glucose, oral glucose augments insulin secretion by which of the following actions? A) Decreases secretion of glucagon B) Decreases secretion of somatostatin C) Increases secretion of acetylcholine D) Increases secretion of epinephrine E) Increases secretion of gastrointestinal hormones
5. During prolonged fasting, amino acids derived from muscle proteins and connective tissue become the main substrate for gluconcogenesis. How does glutamate enter the gluconeogenesis? For answer: a) write a reaction of the glutamate conversion into a-ketoglutarate, name the enzyme, indicate the encrgy effect of the reaction; b) draw a diagram for the a-ketoglutarate conversion to oxaloacetate and consequent including of OAA to gluconcogenesis, specify the reactions associated with ATP consumption; c) name the hormones that accelerate gluconeogenesis during fasting and regulatory enzymes of the process; and describe the mechanism of signal transduction by these hormones.
All of the following are true with respect to alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, except:A. It inhibits intestinal alpha-glucosidase B. It decreases enzymatic conversion of oligo- to monosaccharidesC. It lowers postprandial glucoseD. It causes gastrointestinal disturbances.E. It may cause development of hypertension.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has been linked to a sugary diet. Explain?

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