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7. Provide 3 major criticisms of Kohlberg's moral development theory 8. List 3 strategies that teachers can use to promote moral reasoning

7. Provide 3 major criticisms of Kohlberg's moral development theory 8. List 3 strategies that teachers can use to promote moral reasoning

Ciccarelli: Psychology_5 (5th Edition)
Ciccarelli: Psychology_5 (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN:9780134477961
Author:Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White
Publisher:Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White
Chapter1: The Science Of Psychology
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### Moral Development and Educational Strategies #### 6. Conventional vs. Post-Conventional Moral Reasoners **Definition and Stages:** - **Conventional Moral Reasoner:** This stage is marked by an adherence to social rules and conventions. Individuals in this stage make moral decisions based on societal norms and often seek approval from others. - **Post-Conventional Moral Reasoner:** This stage represents a higher level of moral reasoning where individuals base their decisions on abstract principles and values that may transcend societal norms. They emphasize justice, dignity, and equality. **Examples:** - **Conventional Reasoning:** A student follows school rules to receive praise from teachers and avoid punishment. - **Post-Conventional Reasoning:** A student decides to protest an unjust school policy, even if it means facing disciplinary actions, because they believe in the principle of fairness. #### 7. Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory 1. **Cultural Bias:** Critics argue that the theory is based on Western philosophies and may not represent moral development in non-Western cultures. 2. **Gender Bias:** Carol Gilligan has criticized Kohlberg's theory for favoring a justice-oriented approach to morality, which may overlook the care-oriented approach often seen in women. 3. **Overemphasis on Moral Reasoning:** Kohlberg’s theory primarily focuses on moral reasoning rather than actual moral behavior, which can differ significantly in real-life situations. #### 8. Strategies to Promote Moral Reasoning in Education 1. **Role-Playing Scenarios:** Engaging students in role-playing activities where they have to confront and reason through moral dilemmas. 2. **Classroom Discussions:** Facilitating open discussions on moral issues, encouraging students to voice their opinions and listen to others. 3. **Service Learning Projects:** Encouraging students to participate in community service projects that require them to consider the needs and perspectives of others. #### 9. Multicultural Curriculum Reform: Banks’ Approaches **Four Approaches:** 1. **Contributions Approach:** Adding ethnic heroes or holidays into the existing curriculum without changing its structure. 2. **Additive Approach:** Including content, themes, and perspectives from diverse cultures but without altering the curriculum’s basic structure. 3. **Transformation Approach:** Changing the curriculum’s structure to view concepts and issues from multiple perspectives, fostering critical thinking. 4. **Social Action Approach:** Encouraging students to take action to resolve social issues after exploring and understanding various perspectives. **Preference for
Transcribed Image Text:### Moral Development and Educational Strategies #### 6. Conventional vs. Post-Conventional Moral Reasoners **Definition and Stages:** - **Conventional Moral Reasoner:** This stage is marked by an adherence to social rules and conventions. Individuals in this stage make moral decisions based on societal norms and often seek approval from others. - **Post-Conventional Moral Reasoner:** This stage represents a higher level of moral reasoning where individuals base their decisions on abstract principles and values that may transcend societal norms. They emphasize justice, dignity, and equality. **Examples:** - **Conventional Reasoning:** A student follows school rules to receive praise from teachers and avoid punishment. - **Post-Conventional Reasoning:** A student decides to protest an unjust school policy, even if it means facing disciplinary actions, because they believe in the principle of fairness. #### 7. Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory 1. **Cultural Bias:** Critics argue that the theory is based on Western philosophies and may not represent moral development in non-Western cultures. 2. **Gender Bias:** Carol Gilligan has criticized Kohlberg's theory for favoring a justice-oriented approach to morality, which may overlook the care-oriented approach often seen in women. 3. **Overemphasis on Moral Reasoning:** Kohlberg’s theory primarily focuses on moral reasoning rather than actual moral behavior, which can differ significantly in real-life situations. #### 8. Strategies to Promote Moral Reasoning in Education 1. **Role-Playing Scenarios:** Engaging students in role-playing activities where they have to confront and reason through moral dilemmas. 2. **Classroom Discussions:** Facilitating open discussions on moral issues, encouraging students to voice their opinions and listen to others. 3. **Service Learning Projects:** Encouraging students to participate in community service projects that require them to consider the needs and perspectives of others. #### 9. Multicultural Curriculum Reform: Banks’ Approaches **Four Approaches:** 1. **Contributions Approach:** Adding ethnic heroes or holidays into the existing curriculum without changing its structure. 2. **Additive Approach:** Including content, themes, and perspectives from diverse cultures but without altering the curriculum’s basic structure. 3. **Transformation Approach:** Changing the curriculum’s structure to view concepts and issues from multiple perspectives, fostering critical thinking. 4. **Social Action Approach:** Encouraging students to take action to resolve social issues after exploring and understanding various perspectives. **Preference for
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