1. Consider the 4-bit ripple adder shown below. Each NOT, AND and OR gate has a propagation delay of 1 tp, and an XOR gate has a propagation delay of 3 tp. Suppose the circuit is implemented just as drawn, i.e., don't replace the XOR gates with AND-OR combinations. What is the worst-case delay from any input (A, B or Cin) to the final carry output, C4?

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Thermistors

A thermistor is a special type of resistor whose resistance is more temperature-dependent than standard resistors.  The resistance of the thermistor decreases with increasing temperature. This is the basic principle of thermistors. This allows the thermistor circuit to detect very small temperature changes that cannot be observed with the Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) or the thermocouples. Since the resistance of a thermistor is temperature dependent, it can be connected to an electrical circuit to measure body temperature. This high sensitivity to temperature changes makes thermistors very useful for accurately controlling and calibrating temperature measurements. In general, resistance increases with increasing temperature in most metals, but thermistors react negatively.