7. Predicting Atlanta Commute TimeThe data in CommuteAtlanta show information on both the commute distance (in miles) and time (in minutes) for a sample of 500 Atlanta commuters. Suppose that we want to build a model for predicting the commute time based on the distance. Distance Time 10 15 45 60 12 45 4 10 15 30 33 60 15 45 4 10 25 25 1 15 22 45 50 50 10 15 30 30 10 30 12 20 2 5 25 45 7 20 8 20 10 20 30 40 23 30 20 40 7 25 3 8 5 15 6 20 45 45 35 35 25 40 15 20 17 20 50 50 10 10 30 45 10 10 20 20 5 5 4 7 21 40 12 30 5 10 32 32 10 40 12 20 35 45 31 70 3 10 22 45 20 30 30 30 20 30 50 50 7 7 8 20 11 30 25 60 15 27 1 1 10 13 25 35 15 15 10 30 24 25 10 20 2 10 5 15 32 32 10 10 12 20 18 20 7 15 30 35 30 30 2 28 3 6 3 15 0 5 20 30 23 35 50 60 20 30 25 50 3 5 10 10 20 30 16 35 1 3 20 25 25 30 20 45 101 180 7 15 5 30 20 50 14 20 8 20 33 45 16 45 35 45 10 10 32 40 14 35 15 15 40 40 15 30 18 35 10 15 12 20 8 25 18 25 2 3 1 5 30 90 23 23 4 20 28 40 10 25 20 45 10 25 15 30 5 10 35 45 12 30 8 25 20 20 45 45 9 9 15 20 45 45 20 45 8 20 12 30 3 10 6 15 30 50 0 10 15 45 0 5 2 2 20 30 12 30 3 7 15 18 3 10 17 25 30 45 60 120 38 45 30 30 2 7 23 35 20 25 20 20 1 3 58 60 7 12 20 30 27 35 3 5 5 10 15 20 17 28 25 40 6 30 5 15 16 32 30 60 10 20 3 15 15 20 0 2 35 40 38 45 50 90 9 20 7 15 23 30 15 45 12 20 12 25 5 15 25 55 8 15 30 30 34 45 35 40 49 90 30 30 60 80 25 30 20 30 62 90 23 23 2 12 20 30 20 25 0 1 10 25 17 30 8 15 37 45 25 75 10 15 30 40 10 20 35 35 5 15 60 80 10 10 17 30 4 15 10 10 25 35 12 50 30 35 10 30 22 35 0 2 5 10 16 30 17 25 0 10 18 25 5 7 35 45 50 60 33 33 10 25 15 15 6 13 10 10 13 20 18 25 4 15 30 40 30 30 1 2 20 20 25 46 30 30 25 30 38 45 18 25 12 20 12 17 39 60 5 15 15 15 8 15 13 30 3 10 30 30 13 20 30 30 50 75 20 20 4 10 8 15 7 20 8 15 26 30 23 30 7 15 7 20 15 20 5 10 22 22 3 10 6 30 10 15 100 181 30 35 10 30 20 35 11 25 2 5 30 30 10 15 6 14 25 60 11 35 3 5 20 25 30 30 35 60 15 20 35 45 6 16 22 25 13 13 30 35 40 45 45 45 7 15 38 45 2 5 12 15 35 40 11 30 38 60 0 3 30 30 30 120 30 45 3 7 1 1 25 25 34 45 45 45 10 20 30 35 5 10 25 25 10 30 25 30 25 25 13 30 22 45 30 30 22 25 35 45 26 27 15 20 8 15 15 40 4 10 15 22 90 90 8 20 30 45 6 15 6 15 25 25 23 45 33 80 15 20 15 20 4 10 5 10 23 45 15 30 20 25 23 45 33 45 36 40 22 38 12 25 10 20 7 15 5 10 12 15 12 20 5 120 10 20 15 15 12 25 25 30 15 45 17 35 25 25 5 7 10 45 12 20 7 20 45 45 10 20 31 45 15 20 3 15 25 30 12 15 20 35 30 90 1 5 15 20 35 40 14 35 7 10 11 23 36 60 15 15 25 45 2 5 20 25 11 20 5 10 12 20 12 25 28 45 22 45 35 45 18 18 15 15 25 25 1 3 8 20 12 15 5 10 14 18 12 20 15 30 10 15 10 10 6 60 20 20 6 10 8 15 30 30 5 12 10 10 10 25 20 20 0 5 13 20 0 3 20 30 25 30 35 45 4 20 20 35 3 10 10 30 30 30 15 40 12 60 35 60 25 40 20 30 8 10 45 60 10 12 25 30 15 35 8 15 4 7 3 10 28 30 6 10 5 10 10 15 7 15 10 10 46 80 3 15 35 35 20 25 27 50 15 20 20 60 32 40 15 30 10 20 20 20 40 60 23 30 18 25 10 15 22 60 15 30 12 20 35 35 10 15 30 55 35 40 18 25 14 25 15 45 5 5 0 1 7 15 20 30 16 25 38 45 20 45 22 22 30 30 14 30 1 1 45 60 15 20 22 45 9 15 15 30 15 30 20 45 30 30 25 63 15 30 25 34 9 15 15 30 10 20 26 65 3 5 10 12 18 60 34 34 13 25 (a) Fit the simple linear model, Time = β0 + β1 Distance + ε, for the sample of Atlanta commuters. What is the slope of the prediction equation? What is the intercept? Round your answers to two decimal places. (b) What time (in minutes) does the fitted model predict for a 21 mile commute? Round your answer to two decimal places.
Inverse Normal Distribution
The method used for finding the corresponding z-critical value in a normal distribution using the known probability is said to be an inverse normal distribution. The inverse normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution with a family of two parameters.
Mean, Median, Mode
It is a descriptive summary of a data set. It can be defined by using some of the measures. The central tendencies do not provide information regarding individual data from the dataset. However, they give a summary of the data set. The central tendency or measure of central tendency is a central or typical value for a probability distribution.
Z-Scores
A z-score is a unit of measurement used in statistics to describe the position of a raw score in terms of its distance from the mean, measured with reference to standard deviation from the mean. Z-scores are useful in statistics because they allow comparison between two scores that belong to different normal distributions.
7. Predicting Atlanta Commute Time
The data in CommuteAtlanta show information on both the commute distance (in miles) and time (in minutes) for a sample of 500 Atlanta commuters. Suppose that we want to build a model for predicting the commute time based on the distance.
Distance | Time |
10 | 15 |
45 | 60 |
12 | 45 |
4 | 10 |
15 | 30 |
33 | 60 |
15 | 45 |
4 | 10 |
25 | 25 |
1 | 15 |
22 | 45 |
50 | 50 |
10 | 15 |
30 | 30 |
10 | 30 |
12 | 20 |
2 | 5 |
25 | 45 |
7 | 20 |
8 | 20 |
10 | 20 |
30 | 40 |
23 | 30 |
20 | 40 |
7 | 25 |
3 | 8 |
5 | 15 |
6 | 20 |
45 | 45 |
35 | 35 |
25 | 40 |
15 | 20 |
17 | 20 |
50 | 50 |
10 | 10 |
30 | 45 |
10 | 10 |
20 | 20 |
5 | 5 |
4 | 7 |
21 | 40 |
12 | 30 |
5 | 10 |
32 | 32 |
10 | 40 |
12 | 20 |
35 | 45 |
31 | 70 |
3 | 10 |
22 | 45 |
20 | 30 |
30 | 30 |
20 | 30 |
50 | 50 |
7 | 7 |
8 | 20 |
11 | 30 |
25 | 60 |
15 | 27 |
1 | 1 |
10 | 13 |
25 | 35 |
15 | 15 |
10 | 30 |
24 | 25 |
10 | 20 |
2 | 10 |
5 | 15 |
32 | 32 |
10 | 10 |
12 | 20 |
18 | 20 |
7 | 15 |
30 | 35 |
30 | 30 |
2 | 28 |
3 | 6 |
3 | 15 |
0 | 5 |
20 | 30 |
23 | 35 |
50 | 60 |
20 | 30 |
25 | 50 |
3 | 5 |
10 | 10 |
20 | 30 |
16 | 35 |
1 | 3 |
20 | 25 |
25 | 30 |
20 | 45 |
101 | 180 |
7 | 15 |
5 | 30 |
20 | 50 |
14 | 20 |
8 | 20 |
33 | 45 |
16 | 45 |
35 | 45 |
10 | 10 |
32 | 40 |
14 | 35 |
15 | 15 |
40 | 40 |
15 | 30 |
18 | 35 |
10 | 15 |
12 | 20 |
8 | 25 |
18 | 25 |
2 | 3 |
1 | 5 |
30 | 90 |
23 | 23 |
4 | 20 |
28 | 40 |
10 | 25 |
20 | 45 |
10 | 25 |
15 | 30 |
5 | 10 |
35 | 45 |
12 | 30 |
8 | 25 |
20 | 20 |
45 | 45 |
9 | 9 |
15 | 20 |
45 | 45 |
20 | 45 |
8 | 20 |
12 | 30 |
3 | 10 |
6 | 15 |
30 | 50 |
0 | 10 |
15 | 45 |
0 | 5 |
2 | 2 |
20 | 30 |
12 | 30 |
3 | 7 |
15 | 18 |
3 | 10 |
17 | 25 |
30 | 45 |
60 | 120 |
38 | 45 |
30 | 30 |
2 | 7 |
23 | 35 |
20 | 25 |
20 | 20 |
1 | 3 |
58 | 60 |
7 | 12 |
20 | 30 |
27 | 35 |
3 | 5 |
5 | 10 |
15 | 20 |
17 | 28 |
25 | 40 |
6 | 30 |
5 | 15 |
16 | 32 |
30 | 60 |
10 | 20 |
3 | 15 |
15 | 20 |
0 | 2 |
35 | 40 |
38 | 45 |
50 | 90 |
9 | 20 |
7 | 15 |
23 | 30 |
15 | 45 |
12 | 20 |
12 | 25 |
5 | 15 |
25 | 55 |
8 | 15 |
30 | 30 |
34 | 45 |
35 | 40 |
49 | 90 |
30 | 30 |
60 | 80 |
25 | 30 |
20 | 30 |
62 | 90 |
23 | 23 |
2 | 12 |
20 | 30 |
20 | 25 |
0 | 1 |
10 | 25 |
17 | 30 |
8 | 15 |
37 | 45 |
25 | 75 |
10 | 15 |
30 | 40 |
10 | 20 |
35 | 35 |
5 | 15 |
60 | 80 |
10 | 10 |
17 | 30 |
4 | 15 |
10 | 10 |
25 | 35 |
12 | 50 |
30 | 35 |
10 | 30 |
22 | 35 |
0 | 2 |
5 | 10 |
16 | 30 |
17 | 25 |
0 | 10 |
18 | 25 |
5 | 7 |
35 | 45 |
50 | 60 |
33 | 33 |
10 | 25 |
15 | 15 |
6 | 13 |
10 | 10 |
13 | 20 |
18 | 25 |
4 | 15 |
30 | 40 |
30 | 30 |
1 | 2 |
20 | 20 |
25 | 46 |
30 | 30 |
25 | 30 |
38 | 45 |
18 | 25 |
12 | 20 |
12 | 17 |
39 | 60 |
5 | 15 |
15 | 15 |
8 | 15 |
13 | 30 |
3 | 10 |
30 | 30 |
13 | 20 |
30 | 30 |
50 | 75 |
20 | 20 |
4 | 10 |
8 | 15 |
7 | 20 |
8 | 15 |
26 | 30 |
23 | 30 |
7 | 15 |
7 | 20 |
15 | 20 |
5 | 10 |
22 | 22 |
3 | 10 |
6 | 30 |
10 | 15 |
100 | 181 |
30 | 35 |
10 | 30 |
20 | 35 |
11 | 25 |
2 | 5 |
30 | 30 |
10 | 15 |
6 | 14 |
25 | 60 |
11 | 35 |
3 | 5 |
20 | 25 |
30 | 30 |
35 | 60 |
15 | 20 |
35 | 45 |
6 | 16 |
22 | 25 |
13 | 13 |
30 | 35 |
40 | 45 |
45 | 45 |
7 | 15 |
38 | 45 |
2 | 5 |
12 | 15 |
35 | 40 |
11 | 30 |
38 | 60 |
0 | 3 |
30 | 30 |
30 | 120 |
30 | 45 |
3 | 7 |
1 | 1 |
25 | 25 |
34 | 45 |
45 | 45 |
10 | 20 |
30 | 35 |
5 | 10 |
25 | 25 |
10 | 30 |
25 | 30 |
25 | 25 |
13 | 30 |
22 | 45 |
30 | 30 |
22 | 25 |
35 | 45 |
26 | 27 |
15 | 20 |
8 | 15 |
15 | 40 |
4 | 10 |
15 | 22 |
90 | 90 |
8 | 20 |
30 | 45 |
6 | 15 |
6 | 15 |
25 | 25 |
23 | 45 |
33 | 80 |
15 | 20 |
15 | 20 |
4 | 10 |
5 | 10 |
23 | 45 |
15 | 30 |
20 | 25 |
23 | 45 |
33 | 45 |
36 | 40 |
22 | 38 |
12 | 25 |
10 | 20 |
7 | 15 |
5 | 10 |
12 | 15 |
12 | 20 |
5 | 120 |
10 | 20 |
15 | 15 |
12 | 25 |
25 | 30 |
15 | 45 |
17 | 35 |
25 | 25 |
5 | 7 |
10 | 45 |
12 | 20 |
7 | 20 |
45 | 45 |
10 | 20 |
31 | 45 |
15 | 20 |
3 | 15 |
25 | 30 |
12 | 15 |
20 | 35 |
30 | 90 |
1 | 5 |
15 | 20 |
35 | 40 |
14 | 35 |
7 | 10 |
11 | 23 |
36 | 60 |
15 | 15 |
25 | 45 |
2 | 5 |
20 | 25 |
11 | 20 |
5 | 10 |
12 | 20 |
12 | 25 |
28 | 45 |
22 | 45 |
35 | 45 |
18 | 18 |
15 | 15 |
25 | 25 |
1 | 3 |
8 | 20 |
12 | 15 |
5 | 10 |
14 | 18 |
12 | 20 |
15 | 30 |
10 | 15 |
10 | 10 |
6 | 60 |
20 | 20 |
6 | 10 |
8 | 15 |
30 | 30 |
5 | 12 |
10 | 10 |
10 | 25 |
20 | 20 |
0 | 5 |
13 | 20 |
0 | 3 |
20 | 30 |
25 | 30 |
35 | 45 |
4 | 20 |
20 | 35 |
3 | 10 |
10 | 30 |
30 | 30 |
15 | 40 |
12 | 60 |
35 | 60 |
25 | 40 |
20 | 30 |
8 | 10 |
45 | 60 |
10 | 12 |
25 | 30 |
15 | 35 |
8 | 15 |
4 | 7 |
3 | 10 |
28 | 30 |
6 | 10 |
5 | 10 |
10 | 15 |
7 | 15 |
10 | 10 |
46 | 80 |
3 | 15 |
35 | 35 |
20 | 25 |
27 | 50 |
15 | 20 |
20 | 60 |
32 | 40 |
15 | 30 |
10 | 20 |
20 | 20 |
40 | 60 |
23 | 30 |
18 | 25 |
10 | 15 |
22 | 60 |
15 | 30 |
12 | 20 |
35 | 35 |
10 | 15 |
30 | 55 |
35 | 40 |
18 | 25 |
14 | 25 |
15 | 45 |
5 | 5 |
0 | 1 |
7 | 15 |
20 | 30 |
16 | 25 |
38 | 45 |
20 | 45 |
22 | 22 |
30 | 30 |
14 | 30 |
1 | 1 |
45 | 60 |
15 | 20 |
22 | 45 |
9 | 15 |
15 | 30 |
15 | 30 |
20 | 45 |
30 | 30 |
25 | 63 |
15 | 30 |
25 | 34 |
9 | 15 |
15 | 30 |
10 | 20 |
26 | 65 |
3 | 5 |
10 | 12 |
18 | 60 |
34 | 34 |
13 |
25 |
(a) Fit the simple linear model, Time = β0 + β1 Distance + ε, for the sample of Atlanta commuters. What is the slope of the prediction equation? What is the intercept? Round your answers to two decimal places.
(b) What time (in minutes) does the fitted model predict for a 21 mile commute? Round your answer to two decimal places.
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