7. Determine the effective diffusivity for a substrate passing through each of the following membranes: The substrate has a free solution diffusivity (D₁) of 8.13* 106 cm²/s and has a molecular radius of 7.54 Å (Angstroms). Membrane Type Mean pore diameter (nm) Porosity (%) Tortuosity Which membrane would you recommend using to avoid diffusion-limited reactions? Cellulose - 1 12.16 67.9 2.97 Cellulose-2 9.65 78.7 1.76 Acrylic Fiber 8.72 85.9 3.83

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Q: 0.4 mM Ca2+ Extracellular space 6 mM Ca2+ cell I Vm= -60 mV

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Q: How much diluting fluid would be required to make 100 mL of a 1/100 dilution from an undiluted stock…

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Mass Spectrometry

This process is an instrumental method in which a sample is changed to fast moving positive ions by electron bombardment. The charged particles vary due to their different mass to charge ratio and are estimated with the help of this difference. It is also called mass spectroscopy.