Given:I don’t understand how to compute the p-value below (problem 6): Sample size (n) = 12Mean difference (Md) = 1.2 pointsSS = 33Level of significance (a) = 0.05Formula used:Sd=√SSn−1Sd=SSn−1 SE=Sd√nSE=Sdn Theteststatisticis,t=MdSETheteststatisticis, t=MdSE Here test statistic follows t-distribution with n-1 degrees of freedoms.Calculations:Here we have to test the hypothesis that,H0: μd =0 Vs H1: μd ≠ 0Where μd is the population mean difference.Sd=√SSn−1=√3312−1=√3311=1.73SE=Sd√n=1.73√12=0.50Theteststatisticis,t=MdSE=1.20.5=2.4Sd=SSn−1=3312−1=3311=1.73 SE=Sdn=1.7312=0.50 Theteststatisticis, t=MdSE=1.20.5=2.4 Test statistic (t) = 2.4Degrees of freedom (df) = 12-1 =11Now we have to find P-valueBy using statistical table of t-distribution we get:P-value = 0.0352P-value < aReject H0 at 5% level of significance.We get significant result.Conclusion: There is sufficient evidence to say that the population mean differenceis differ than 0.Conclusion:There is significant effect on the attractiveness ratings.Or the presence of a visible tattoo hasan effect on the attractiveness ratings. PSY 8LEM S u ctos t.Lecr each of the following studies, identify the appro-Liate t test for this analysis. Explain your answers..A researcher is examining the effect of violentvideo games on behavior by comparing aggressivebehaviors for one group who just finished playinga violent game with another group who played aneutral game. two groupsb. A researcher is examining the effect on humor onmemory by presenting a group of participants witha series of humorous and not humorous sentencesand them recording how many of each type ofsentence is recalled by each participant.c. A researcher is evaluating the effectiveness ofa new cholesterol medication by recording thecholesterol level for each individual in a samplebefore they start taking the medication and againafter 8 weeks with the medication.DEMI2. What is the defining characteristic of a repeated-measures or within-subjects research design?(5 = most positive). One photograph appears twicein the set, once with a tatto and once with the tattooremoved. For each participant, the researcher recordsthe difffence between the two ratings of the samephotograph. On average, the photograph without thetattoo is rated M,= 1.2 points higher than the photo-graph with the tattoo, with SS = 33 for the differencescores. Does the presence of a visible tattoo have asignificant effect on the attractiveness ratings? Use atwo-tailed test with a = .05.ef7. The following data are from a repeated-measuresstudy examining the effect of a treatment by measur-ing a group of n = 6 participants before and after theyreceive the treatment.a. Calculate the difference scores and Mb. Compute SS, sample variance, and estimatedstandard error.c. Is there a significant treatment effect? Use a = .05,two tails.3. Explain the difference between a matched-subjectsdesign and a repeated-measures design.BeforeAfterParticipantTreatmentTreatment84. A researcher conducts an experiment comparing twotreatment conditions with 20 scores in each treatmentA79.condition.4a. If an independent-measures design is used, howmany subjects are needed for the experiment?b. If a repeated-measures design is used, how manysubjects are needed for the experiment?c. If a matched-subjects design is used, how manysubjects are needed for the experiment?6F388. When you get a surprisingly low price on a productdo you assume that you got a really good deal or thatyou bought a low-quality product? Research indicatesthat you are more likely to associate low price and lowquality if someone else makes the purchase rather thanyourself (Yan and Sengupta, 2011). In a similar study,n = 16 participants were asked to rate the quality oflow-priced items under two scenarios: purchased by39a friend or purchased yourself. The results produceda mean difference of M, = 2.6 and SS = 135, withself-purchases rated higher.a. Is the judged quality of objects significantly differ-ent for self-purchases than for purchases made byothers? Use a two-tailed test with a = .05.5. A sample of n = 9 individuals participates in arepeated-measures study that produces a sample meandifference of M, = 4.25 with SS = 128 for the differ-ence scores.a. Calculate the standard deviation for the sample ofdifference scores. Briefly explain what is measuredby the standard deviation.b. Calculate the estimated standard error for thesample mean difference. Briefly explain what ismeasured by the estimated standard error.6. In the Preview for Chapter 2, we presented a studyshowing that a woman shown in a photograph wasjudged as less attractive when the photograph showeda visible tattoo compared to the same photograph withthe tattoo removed (Resenhoeft, Villa, & Wiseman,2008). Suppose a similar experiment is conducted asa repeated-measures study. A sample of n = 12 maleslooks at a set of 30 photographs of women and ratesthe attractiveness of each woman using a 5-point scaleb. Compute Cohen's d to measure the size of thetreatment effect.9. Masculine-themed words (such as competitive,independent, analyze, strong) are commonly used injob recruitment materials, especially for job advertise-ments in male-dominated areas (Gaucher, Friesen,& Kay, 2010). The same study found that these

As per requirement question number (6) Given: n=12MD=1.2SS=33

Answered: 6. In the Preview for Chapter 2, we…

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Given: I don’t understand how to compute the p-value below (problem 6): Sample size (n) = 12 Mean difference (Md) = 1.2 points SS = 33 Level of significance (a) = 0.05 Formula used: S d = √ S S n − 1 S d = S S n − 1 S E = S d √ n S E = S d n T h e t e s t s t a t i s t i c i s , t = M d S E Theteststatisticis, t= M d S E Here test statistic follows t-distribution with n-1 degrees of freedoms. Calculations: Here we have to test the hypothesis that, H0: μd =0 Vs H1: μd ≠ 0 Where μd is the population mean difference. S d = √ S S n − 1 = √ 33 12 − 1 = √ 33 11 = 1.73 S E = S d √ n = 1.73 √ 12 = 0.50 T h e t e s t s t a t i s t i c i s , t = M d S E = 1.2 0.5 = 2.4 Sd= S S n − 1 = 33 12 − 1 = 33 11 =1.73 SE= S d n = 1.73 12 =0.50 Theteststatisticis, t= M d S E = 1.2 0.5 =2.4 Test statistic (t) = 2.4 Degrees of freedom (df) = 12-1 =11 Now we have to find P-value By using statistical table of t-distribution we get: P-value = 0.0352 P-value < a Reject H0 at 5% level of significance. We get significant result. Conclusion: There is sufficient evidence to say that the population mean difference is differ than 0. Conclusion: There is significant effect on the attractiveness ratings. Or the presence of a visible tattoo hasan effect on the attractiveness ratings.

PSY 8LEM S u ctos t.
Lec
r each of the following studies, identify the appro-
Liate t test for this analysis. Explain your answers.
.A researcher is examining the effect of violent
video games on behavior by comparing aggressive
behaviors for one group who just finished playing
a violent game with another group who played a
neutral game. two groups
b. A researcher is examining the effect on humor on
memory by presenting a group of participants with
a series of humorous and not humorous sentences
and them recording how many of each type of
sentence is recalled by each participant.
c. A researcher is evaluating the effectiveness of
a new cholesterol medication by recording the
cholesterol level for each individual in a sample
before they start taking the medication and again
after 8 weeks with the medication.
DEMI
2. What is the defining characteristic of a repeated-
measures or within-subjects research design?
(5 = most positive). One photograph appears twice
in the set, once with a tatto and once with the tattoo
removed. For each participant, the researcher records
the difffence between the two ratings of the same
photograph. On average, the photograph without the
tattoo is rated M,= 1.2 points higher than the photo-
graph with the tattoo, with SS = 33 for the difference
scores. Does the presence of a visible tattoo have a
significant effect on the attractiveness ratings? Use a
two-tailed test with a = .05.
ef
7. The following data are from a repeated-measures
study examining the effect of a treatment by measur-
ing a group of n = 6 participants before and after they
receive the treatment.
a. Calculate the difference scores and M
b. Compute SS, sample variance, and estimated
standard error.
c. Is there a significant treatment effect? Use a = .05,
two tails.
3. Explain the difference between a matched-subjects
design and a repeated-measures design.
Before
After
Participant
Treatment
Treatment
8
4. A researcher conducts an experiment comparing two
treatment conditions with 20 scores in each treatment
A
7
9.
condition.
4
a. If an independent-measures design is used, how
many subjects are needed for the experiment?
b. If a repeated-measures design is used, how many
subjects are needed for the experiment?
c. If a matched-subjects design is used, how many
subjects are needed for the experiment?
6
F
3
8
8. When you get a surprisingly low price on a product
do you assume that you got a really good deal or that
you bought a low-quality product? Research indicates
that you are more likely to associate low price and low
quality if someone else makes the purchase rather than
yourself (Yan and Sengupta, 2011). In a similar study,
n = 16 participants were asked to rate the quality of
low-priced items under two scenarios: purchased by
39a friend or purchased yourself. The results produced
a mean difference of M, = 2.6 and SS = 135, with
self-purchases rated higher.
a. Is the judged quality of objects significantly differ-
ent for self-purchases than for purchases made by
others? Use a two-tailed test with a = .05.
5. A sample of n = 9 individuals participates in a
repeated-measures study that produces a sample mean
difference of M, = 4.25 with SS = 128 for the differ-
ence scores.
a. Calculate the standard deviation for the sample of
difference scores. Briefly explain what is measured
by the standard deviation.
b. Calculate the estimated standard error for the
sample mean difference. Briefly explain what is
measured by the estimated standard error.
6. In the Preview for Chapter 2, we presented a study
showing that a woman shown in a photograph was
judged as less attractive when the photograph showed
a visible tattoo compared to the same photograph with
the tattoo removed (Resenhoeft, Villa, & Wiseman,
2008). Suppose a similar experiment is conducted as
a repeated-measures study. A sample of n = 12 males
looks at a set of 30 photographs of women and rates
the attractiveness of each woman using a 5-point scale
b. Compute Cohen's d to measure the size of the
treatment effect.
9. Masculine-themed words (such as competitive,
independent, analyze, strong) are commonly used in
job recruitment materials, especially for job advertise-
ments in male-dominated areas (Gaucher, Friesen,
& Kay, 2010). The same study found that these

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