5. For the following two-step reaction sequence, use curved arrows to clearly indicate electron movement in each step. (5 points) CH30 +] OCH3 ÓCH3
Basics in Organic Reactions Mechanisms
In organic chemistry, the mechanism of an organic reaction is defined as a complete step-by-step explanation of how a reaction of organic compounds happens. A completely detailed mechanism would relate the first structure of the reactants with the last structure of the products and would represent changes in structure and energy all through the reaction step.
Heterolytic Bond Breaking
Heterolytic bond breaking is also known as heterolysis or heterolytic fission or ionic fission. It is defined as breaking of a covalent bond between two different atoms in which one atom gains both of the shared pair of electrons. The atom that gains both electrons is more electronegative than the other atom in covalent bond. The energy needed for heterolytic fission is called as heterolytic bond dissociation energy.
Polar Aprotic Solvent
Solvents that are chemically polar in nature and are not capable of hydrogen bonding (implying that a hydrogen atom directly linked with an electronegative atom is not found) are referred to as polar aprotic solvents. Some commonly used polar aprotic solvents are acetone, DMF, acetonitrile, DMSO, etc.
Oxygen Nucleophiles
Oxygen being an electron rich species with a lone pair electron, can act as a good nucleophile. Typically, oxygen nucleophiles can be found in these compounds- water, hydroxides and alcohols.
Carbon Nucleophiles
We are aware that carbon belongs to group IV and hence does not possess any lone pair of electrons. Implying that neutral carbon is not a nucleophile then how is carbon going to be nucleophilic? The answer to this is that when a carbon atom is attached to a metal (can be seen in the case of organometallic compounds), the metal atom develops a partial positive charge and carbon develops a partial negative charge, hence making carbon nucleophilic.
![**Organic Chemistry Reaction Mechanisms and Resonance Structures**
5. For the following two-step reaction sequence, use curved arrows to clearly indicate electron movement in each step. (5 points)
[Image Illustration Details]
- A molecule with a carbonyl group (C=O) and a chlorine atom attached to the carbon (Cl) reacts with a methoxy anion (CH₃O⁻).
- The product is an ester with a methoxy group (OCH₃) attached to the carbonyl carbon, and the by-product is a chloride anion (Cl⁻).
**Reaction Scheme:**
\[ \underset{\text{(Cl)}}{\text{}} \overset{ \text{O}}{ \text{}} \text{C} \text{+} \overset{\text{(O⁻)} }{\text{H₃C}} \rightarrow \overset{ \text{O}}{{ \text{}}}_{\text{}} \text{C} \; \text{OCH₃} \; + \; \text{Cl⁻} \]
6. For the following compound, draw all possible valid resonance structures. Do not draw resonance structures that create additional charge. (5 points)
[Diagram Illustration Details]
- The compound shows a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to a ring structure, with other substituents.
---
Curved arrows should start from the electron-rich site (either lone pairs or bonds) indicating where the electrons are moving towards (electron-deficient site or leaving a bond). For the valid resonance structures, ensure no additional charges are introduced, other than what's necessary for resonance stability.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F82d2dc19-90fa-4ae1-a10f-38c18ceb28bc%2Fa854eee6-b75b-49bd-a7ff-1aa21eb9f17b%2Fn15cvrn.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps with 2 images
