5.5.1. The outer layer of the placenta expresses an enzyme that facilitates production of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG). Explain-with biochemical detail-how this impacts the ability of thefetus to get oxygen.5.2. You measure the reaction velocity for converting your favorite substrate (YFS)toproduct by your favorite enzyme (YFE) over a range of substrate concentrations. Therelationship is sigmoidal. Based on this information alone, what do you know about YFE?5.3 Is the transformation shown below possible. If so, draw a reasonable electronpushing mechanism showing each step and any intermediates.*-4HO+ CO₂

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Answered: 5. 5.1. The outer layer of the placenta…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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15.13) The NADH that is produced by glycolysis is not able to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to enter the matrix region and undergo oxidative phosphorylation. Name the two processes in which the energy from NADH made in glycolysis can enter the mitochondrial matrix. ANSWER: 1) malate-aspartate shuttle 2) glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle EXPLANATION: Oxidative phosphorylation requires that NADH be located within the mitochondrial matrix. Since pyruvate oxidation/decarboxylation and the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the mitochondrial matrix, the NADH created in those processes can immediately undergo oxidative phosphorylation. The NADH that is produced by glycolysis is able to pass through the outer mitochondrial membrane and enter the intermembrane space; however, it is not able to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to enter the matrix region. In order for the energy from this NADH to be utilized, it must be processed through "NADH shuttles." The two…
47. No exchange. Mice that completely lack ATP-ADP translocase (ANT- /ANT - ) can be made by using the knockout technique. Remarkably, these mice are viable but have the following pathological conditions: (1) high serum levels of lactate, alanine, and succinate; (2) little electron transport; and (3) a six- to eightfold increase in the level of mitochondrial H2O2 compared with that in normal mice. Provide a possible biochemical explanation for each of these conditions.
PTP1B Substrate kcat Km. kcat/Km UM 10-7 x (s-1 M) DADEPYLIPQQG DADAPYLIPQQG DAAEP YLIPQQG AAAAPYLIPQQG 44.6 + 1.8 39.8 + 0.32 3.9 + 0.9 13.7 + 0.46 1.1 + 0.25 0.29 + 0.01 35.3 + 0.22 6.6 + 0.22 0.53 + 0.02 34.7 + 0.25 52.7 + 0.7 0.066 + 0.001 ) The units for kcat/KM in the above are given according to standard scientific notation. On this (d) ( basis what is the value of this kinetic parameter for the DADEPYLIPQQG substrate?
PTP1B Substrate kcat Km kcat/Km UM 10-7 x (s-1 M) DADEPYLIPQQG DADAPYLIPQQG DAAEPYLIPQQG AAAAPYLIPQQG 44.6 + 1.8 39.8 + 0.32 3.9 + 0.9 13.7 + 0.46 1.1 + 0.25 0.29 + 0.01 35.3 + 0.22 6.6 ± 0.22 0.53 + 0.02 34.7 + 0.25 52.7 ± 0.7 0.066 + 0.001 (d) (. ) The units for kcat/KM in the above are given according to standard scientific notation. On this basis what is the value of this kinetic parameter for the DADEPYLIPQQG substrate?
Patients with a form of early-onset diabetes were found to carry a variety of mutations reducing the function of the glucokinase (GK) enzyme. These patients are heterozygous for one of the mutations, and thus show only partial rather than complete loss of GK activity. Answer the following questions about these patients. 1. How would blood sugar levels likely be affected in GK-mutation patients? Briefly explain your choice (25 words or less) a. Higher than normal b. Normal C. Lower than normal d. Cannot predict based on the provided information
If the enzyme lactase has a Vo of 0.111111111111 mM per minute when [S] = 1.0 mM, and a Vo of 0.20 mM per minute when [S] = 5.0 mM, what is its Km? 0.125 mM 0.25 mM 0.50 mM 1.25 mM 5.0 mM
4. a. Use the data in the graph above to estimate a KM value for the enzyme in the presence of these metabolites, and enter them into the table below. b. Classify these metabolites as either activators or inhibitors, and explain your rationale below.
5.4. If 32P labeled (radioactive phosphate) inorganic phosphate were introduced to erythrocytes undergoing glycolysis which of the following molecules would you expect to detect 32P in Glycolytic intermediates? A. Fructose 1-6 bisphosphate B. 3-Phosphoglyceraldehyde C. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate D. 2-Phosphoglycerate E. 1-3 bisphosphoglycerate F. Phosphoenolpyruvate G. 3-Phosphoglycerate H. Pyruvate I. None of the above is it E?
4) Suppose some yeast cells undergoing gluconeogenesis were treated with a 1:1 mixture of the two labeled pyruvate molecules shown below (one pyruvate is labeled with ¹4C at C1 and ¹³C at C3; the other pyruvate is labeled with ¹4C at C3 and ¹3C at C2. Assume that the labeled pyruvate molecules are the only source of carbon to make glucose via gluconeogenesis. Draw the resulting mixture of glucose molecules and clearly show the location of ¹4C and/or ¹³℃ in each glucose. 13CH3 14CH3 13C

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