430 THE CLASSICAL JOURNAL friends to Caesar's favord she won soldiers from Octavian for Antony's Parthian wars she endured Antony's unfaithfulness; but her honorable deportment served to damage Antony's cause, making him hated because of the wrong he did such a woman. would almost seem as if upon her head had burst the storms of passion riences with Octavia's predecessor Fulvia, and her rival Cleopatra. Cleopatra, of a cussion of the women From ambition and from her desire to get her husband, whose rights ostensibly she wanted to defend, away from Cleopatra, she with Manius renewed the Civil War. Lucius was sent into the field, where he had nothing to do; and his fellow legates only supported him for appearance's sake. After the surrender of Perusia, Fulvia fled beyond Puteoli to Brundisium and Octavian did not prevent her sailing with L. Plautus, since his regard for her husband and for Sextus Pompeius, in Sicily, persuaded his sparing them. :... Fulvia and Antonius finally met in Athens; but because of her failure he was embittered against her; and the blighting of all her fond hopes and the useless waste of their treasure broke her. She became ill on the return trip and died in Sicyon without Antony's seeing her again. The news of her death hastened the peace between him and Octavian at Brundisium. POSITION OF WOMEN IN THE LATE ROMAN REPUBLIC 431 It through which he must have passed in his violent expe- foreign land, be omitted for she was the quintessence of almost all that were swaying women of that day-greed, selfishness, thirst a hardly claim a place in a dis- Republic. But Fulvia cannot passions can the Roman the for power. She ewas the edaughter of a plebeian, which may account P. Clodius, "Fulvia," says Velleius, "had nothing womanly about her except her body; and circumstances allowed her to revenge that blunder of nature. for her coarseness. She was married three times, to a we have beginning of her career was Caesar's death; mulier auctionem provinciarum regnorumque faciebat; restituebantur exsules, says C. Curio, and to said before; "but the real Warrior-woman,' marriage to her was merely a means whereby she might rule through men and over them. Her ambition needed an outward support; she could only murder the defenseless and plunder the down-trodden; when she stepped out independently, her rôle ended." An extreme case, to be sure, and not one from which to draw conclusions. But from all the cases at hand surely conclusions Cicero, though it hardly needed a participation in public affairs for the widow of Clodius to be hated by Cicero. How he regarded her can be seen in the Philippics. Every act of hers was used by him to paint her as a monster, even the punishment of the assassins at Brundisium, October, 44 B.C., at which she was present. During the war at Mutina she stayed in Rome, where she kept all her party busy, though often hard pressed. She had much to bring tage and much to revenge when Antony joined himself to Octavian in 43. She was much closer to him when she espoused her daughter to him. In her position she could not turn aside the terror which broke over Rome at this union, but she could lighten it;: she could become its protective spirit, and she became its destroying angel. Antonius placed no check upon her, and she carried out her bloody revenge as she pleased. Her enemies and the property which she destroyed were often unknown to the triumvirs. She reveled in murder and revenge and she numbered among her victims Cicero. Above all things she knew no pity. She alone among the relatives of the triumvirs would speak no word for the women upon whom the tax was levied in 43 B.C Then Antonius and Octavianus were busy with the war at Philippi; the weak Lepidus made no move; and she carried on matters as she chose. Even Antony could celebrate a victory as consul only when she decreed. may drawn; conclusions which would merely repeat our thesis her advan- that the public activity of the women of the late Republic was largely dependent upon the political position of the men of their families; and in that position individually they exerted a great deal of influence. The question still remains to be answered whether collectively or by concerted action women endeavored to gain either political power or to win for themselves any particular privileges. A good study of this general emancipation of women is a dis- sertation by J. Teufer, Berlin, 1913: Zur Geschichte der Frauene- manzipation im alten Rom, eine Shudie zu Livius xxxiv 1-8. The thesis has to do with that description by Livy of the concerted efforts on the part of the women of Rome, in 195 B.C., to obtain a repeal of the Oppian Law, which had been passed after the battle of Cannae when the state needed all her resources against Hannibal, and to conserve these resources for the use of the state had placed Plut. Marcus Antonius. Dio Cassius xlir. 33 and 34- Cic. Phil. v. II. App. iv. 29; Dio xlvii. 8. a. Drumann, II, 310. *li. 74- 3- * Dio xlvii. 10. 3; Plut. Ant. 1o; Val. Max. iii. 5. 3.

430 THE CLASSICAL JOURNAL friends to Caesar's favord she won soldiers from Octavian for Antony's Parthian wars she endured Antony's unfaithfulness; but her honorable deportment served to damage Antony's cause, making him hated because of the wrong he did such a woman. would almost seem as if upon her head had burst the storms of passion riences with Octavia's predecessor Fulvia, and her rival Cleopatra. Cleopatra, of a cussion of the women From ambition and from her desire to get her husband, whose rights ostensibly she wanted to defend, away from Cleopatra, she with Manius renewed the Civil War. Lucius was sent into the field, where he had nothing to do; and his fellow legates only supported him for appearance's sake. After the surrender of Perusia, Fulvia fled beyond Puteoli to Brundisium and Octavian did not prevent her sailing with L. Plautus, since his regard for her husband and for Sextus Pompeius, in Sicily, persuaded his sparing them. :... Fulvia and Antonius finally met in Athens; but because of her failure he was embittered against her; and the blighting of all her fond hopes and the useless waste of their treasure broke her. She became ill on the return trip and died in Sicyon without Antony's seeing her again. The news of her death hastened the peace between him and Octavian at Brundisium. POSITION OF WOMEN IN THE LATE ROMAN REPUBLIC 431 It through which he must have passed in his violent expe- foreign land, be omitted for she was the quintessence of almost all that were swaying women of that day-greed, selfishness, thirst a hardly claim a place in a dis- Republic. But Fulvia cannot passions can the Roman the for power. She ewas the edaughter of a plebeian, which may account P. Clodius, "Fulvia," says Velleius, "had nothing womanly about her except her body; and circumstances allowed her to revenge that blunder of nature. for her coarseness. She was married three times, to a we have beginning of her career was Caesar's death; mulier auctionem provinciarum regnorumque faciebat; restituebantur exsules, says C. Curio, and to said before; "but the real Warrior-woman,' marriage to her was merely a means whereby she might rule through men and over them. Her ambition needed an outward support; she could only murder the defenseless and plunder the down-trodden; when she stepped out independently, her rôle ended." An extreme case, to be sure, and not one from which to draw conclusions. But from all the cases at hand surely conclusions Cicero, though it hardly needed a participation in public affairs for the widow of Clodius to be hated by Cicero. How he regarded her can be seen in the Philippics. Every act of hers was used by him to paint her as a monster, even the punishment of the assassins at Brundisium, October, 44 B.C., at which she was present. During the war at Mutina she stayed in Rome, where she kept all her party busy, though often hard pressed. She had much to bring tage and much to revenge when Antony joined himself to Octavian in 43. She was much closer to him when she espoused her daughter to him. In her position she could not turn aside the terror which broke over Rome at this union, but she could lighten it;: she could become its protective spirit, and she became its destroying angel. Antonius placed no check upon her, and she carried out her bloody revenge as she pleased. Her enemies and the property which she destroyed were often unknown to the triumvirs. She reveled in murder and revenge and she numbered among her victims Cicero. Above all things she knew no pity. She alone among the relatives of the triumvirs would speak no word for the women upon whom the tax was levied in 43 B.C Then Antonius and Octavianus were busy with the war at Philippi; the weak Lepidus made no move; and she carried on matters as she chose. Even Antony could celebrate a victory as consul only when she decreed. may drawn; conclusions which would merely repeat our thesis her advan- that the public activity of the women of the late Republic was largely dependent upon the political position of the men of their families; and in that position individually they exerted a great deal of influence. The question still remains to be answered whether collectively or by concerted action women endeavored to gain either political power or to win for themselves any particular privileges. A good study of this general emancipation of women is a dis- sertation by J. Teufer, Berlin, 1913: Zur Geschichte der Frauene- manzipation im alten Rom, eine Shudie zu Livius xxxiv 1-8. The thesis has to do with that description by Livy of the concerted efforts on the part of the women of Rome, in 195 B.C., to obtain a repeal of the Oppian Law, which had been passed after the battle of Cannae when the state needed all her resources against Hannibal, and to conserve these resources for the use of the state had placed Plut. Marcus Antonius. Dio Cassius xlir. 33 and 34- Cic. Phil. v. II. App. iv. 29; Dio xlvii. 8. a. Drumann, II, 310. li. 74- 3- Dio xlvii. 10. 3; Plut. Ant. 1o; Val. Max. iii. 5. 3.