4.22 Place a penny on a closed hardcover textbook. If you slowly raise the cOver of the textbook, you will notice that the penny initially remains at rest, and dlides after you open the textbook by more than a critical angle 0.. Repeat this experiment multiple times and measure 0e with a protractor. In order to understand what determines the value of 0c, construct a free-body diagram of the penny when resting on the opened book cover. The forces in this free-body diagram should be the weight Fw (pointing downward), the force of static friction F; (pointing up the slope of the textbook), and the normal force ictir F, (pointing perpendicular to and away from the textbook cover). Next, apply ck is Newton's Second Law [Eqs. (4.14) and (4.15)] to this free-body diagram to derive ude di a relationship between the critical angle Oc and the magnitude of the force of friction Ff, and a relationship between the critical angle 0c and the magnitude of

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Gravitational force

In nature, every object is attracted by every other object. This phenomenon is called gravity. The force associated with gravity is called gravitational force. The gravitational force is the weakest force that exists in nature. The gravitational force is always attractive.

Acceleration Due to Gravity

In fundamental physics, gravity or gravitational force is the universal attractive force acting between all the matters that exist or exhibit. It is the weakest known force. Therefore no internal changes in an object occurs due to this force. On the other hand, it has control over the trajectories of bodies in the solar system and in the universe due to its vast scope and universal action. The free fall of objects on Earth and the motions of celestial bodies, according to Newton, are both determined by the same force. It was Newton who put forward that the moon is held by a strong attractive force exerted by the Earth which makes it revolve in a straight line. He was sure that this force is similar to the downward force which Earth exerts on all the objects on it.