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- 16. Both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are controlled by the level of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in response to hormones. true or false?12. Describe glycogen metabolism along with its regulation.2. A person performs intense exercise (for example, runs away from danger) 30 minutes after a carbohydrate-rich lunch. Why does the glycogen synthesis stop in skeletal muscles in this situation? Why is glycogen breakdown stimulated? To answer the questions: a) write a diagram of glycogen synthesis, specify the reactions associated with energy consumption when a glucose molecule is included in a growing glycogen chain; b) write the glycogen mobilization diagram and calculate the ATP amount that can be produced if glucose 1-phosphate is further oxidized to CO, and H,O in the muscles; c) indicate the hormone with an increased level in blood under stress situations, and how this hormone affects the activity of regulatory enzymes of glycogen synthesis and breakdown.
- 7. Won Gierke's disease (Type I) is one of the most common glycogen storage diseases. This aisease results in a deficiency in the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, essentially little to no available active enzyme. How does this disease effect blood glucose levels under fasting conditions?7. Which of the following statements about gluconeogenesis is CORRECT? Select one: a. Glucose-6-phosphatase hydrolyzes glucose 6-phosphate to release glucose into the blood. b. Glucose-6-phosphatase hydrolyzes glucose 6-phosphate and is found in liver and muscle. c. Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into fructose-1-phosphate. d. Pyruvate is first converted to phosphoenolpyruvate by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.7. During several days, Patient A got a meal with high caloric value, and Patient B - with a low caloric value. What are the differences in the lipid metabolism in these two patients? What is the insulin/glucagon ratio in these patients after a meal? Which metabolic pathways rather activated in Patient A and how is it being controlled?
- 1.a. Given what you know about glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, does it make sense that insulin activates PDH phosphatase? Why? b.How do vitamins increase to the breadth of chemical reactions available within a biological system?1. Name the phosphate-modifying enzyme that turns off glycogenolysis and turns on glycogenolysis. 2. Which enzyme uses UDP-glucose to build into straight chains of glucose on a glycogen core?5. Reciprocal regulation of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase activity.
- 2. A well-trained athlete is running 5 km. What is the difference in glucose metabolism in the liver and muscle by the end of the race? For the answer: a) write a diagram of glucose metabolism in the liver in this case; b) draw a metabolic pathway of glucose in muscles; c) name regulatory enzymes and describe the mechanism of their activation; c) explain the significance of the metabolic pathways that occur in the liver and muscle. 3. The ATP source for the olucose synthesis from Jactate can be the conversion2. A person performs intense exercise (for example, runs away from danger) 30 minutes after a carbohydrate-rich lunch. Why docs the glycogen synthesis stop in skeletal muscles in this situation? Why is glycogen breakdown stimulated? To answer the questions: a) write a diagram of glycogen synthesis, specify the reactions associated with energy consumption when a glucose molecule is included in a growing glycogen chain; b) write the glycogen mobilization diagram and calculate the ATP amount that can be produced if glucose 1-phosphate is further oxidized to CO, and H,0 in the muscles; c) indicate the hormone with an increased level in blood under stress situations, and how this hormone affects the activity of regulatory enzymes of glycogen synthesis and breakdown.3. People with beriberi, a disease caused by thiamine deficiency, have elevated levels of blood pyruvate and a-ketoglutarate, especially after consuming a meal rich in glucose. How are these effects related to a deficiency of thiamine?