Answered: 4. Give an example of a negative…

Business

Economics

4. Give an example of a negative externality and an example of a positive externality..?

ENGR.ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

14th Edition

ISBN:9780190931919

Author:NEWNAN

Publisher:NEWNAN

Chapter1: Making Economics Decisions

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1QTC

See similar textbooks

Similar questions

3. The effect of negative externalities on the optimal quantity of consumption Consider the market for electric cars. Suppose that a electric car manufacturing facility dumps sludge into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the facility. Producing additional electric cars imposes a constant per-unit external cost of $600. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for electric cars. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $600 per unit. PRICE (Dollars per unit of electric cars) 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 + 1 O □ ☐ O 2 3 4 5 QUANTITY (Units of electric cars) The market equilibrium quantity is ☐ Supply (Private Cost) 6 Demand (Private Value) 7 Social Cost (?) units of electric cars, but the socially optimal quantity of electric car production is To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially optimal…
11. Compared to a good with no externalities, a good with a negative externality will appear to have experienced a OIncrease in Supply ODecrease in Supply Olncrease in Demand ODecrease in Demand at each corresponding price...
3. The effect of negative externalities on the optimal quantityof consumption Consider the market for paper. Suppose that a paper factory dumps toxic waste into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the factory. Producing an additional ton of paper imposes a constant external cost of $385 per ton. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for paper. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $385 per ton. PRICE (Dollars per ton of paper) 1100 990 880 770 660 550 440 330 220 110 0 0 ☐ 1 ☐ 2 3 4 5 QUANTITY (Tons of paper) O n Supply 8 (Private Cost) Demand (Private Value) 7 Social Cost (?) The market equilibrium quantity is tons of paper, but the socially optimal quantity of paper production is To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially optimal quantity of paper, the government could impose a of paper. tons. of $ per ton
3. The effect of negative externalities on the optimal quantityof consumption Consider the market for paper. Suppose that a paper factory dumps toxic waste into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the factory. Producing an additional ton of paper imposes a constant external cost of $450 per ton. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for paper. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $450 per ton, 1500 PRICE (Dollars per ton of paper) 1350 1200 1050 900 750 600 450 300 150 0 D O QUANTITY (Tons of paper) Supply (Private Cost) The market equilibrium quantity is Demand (Private Value) Social Cost tons of paper, but the socially optimal quantity of paper production is To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially optimal quantity of paper, the government could impose a of paper. tons. per ton
1. Production of widgets results in emissions of a harmful pollutant, at a rate of 1 ton of pollution per widget produced. The marginal cost of producing widgets is $4 per widget. The demand curve for widgets is 9 - Q, where Q is the quantity of widgets. The widget market is competitive, such that both consumers and producers are price takers. The government is considering policies to address this negative externality. a. The first policy being considered is a technology standard. The abatement techonol- ogy being required costs $2 per widget. What is the social cost of this policy? b. The marginal damages of the pollutant are constant and valued at $1 per ton. What are the social benefits of the technology standard? c. Would the technology standard represent an improvement in economic efficiency for society? Why or why not? d. Now assume that the policy maker imposes a Pigouvian tax on the emissions of the pollutant. What are the social benefits of this policy? e. What are the net…
3. The effect of negative externalities on the optimal quantity of consumption Consider the market for paper. Suppose that a paper factory dumps toxic waste into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the factory. Producing an additional ton of paper imposes a constant external cost of $105 per ton. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for paper. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $105 per ton. PRICE (Dollars per ton of paper) 700 630 560 490 420 350 280 210 140 70 0 0 1 O O 2 ☐ ■ 3 O 4 5 QUANTITY (Tons of paper) ☐ 6 Supply (Private Cost) Demand (Private Value) 7 Social Cost ?
1. Briefly discuss some ways the government could ensure a market with a positive externality could encourage production of the socially optimal output. 2. Do you believe higher education provides our economy with a positive externality? Why or why not? Do you believe the steps that the federal government takes to encourage the socially optimal amount of higher education be produced/consumed is appropriate? Too much? Too little? Why? (Use appropriate economic theory to support your position.)
2. Efficiency in the presence of externalities Vaping imposes many external costs on society secondhand smoke, the adverse health burdens imposed on society, and so on. Therefore, the market equilibrium quiantity of vapes does not equal the socially optimal quantity. The following graph plots the demand for vapes (their private value), the supply of vapes (the private cost of producing them), and the social cost of vapes, including both the private cost and external costs. Use the block point (plus symbol) to indicate the market equilibrium quaneity Next, use the purple point (diamond symbol) to indicate the socially opamal quantity ? PRICE OF VAPES Demand (Private Value) QUANTITY OF VAPES Social Cost Supply (Private Cost) + Market Equilibrium Socially Optimal Level
38. Negative externalities are also called a. positive externalities. b. external benefits. c. external costs. d. all of the above. e.. none of the above. 39 Which of the following is a way governments have tried to deal with negative externalities? a. Governments can impose pollution taxes or green taxes. b. Governments can require specific pollution reduction technologies be used. c. Governments can use a cap and trade system with marketable emissions rights. d. all of the above. e. none of the above.
2. Consider a perfectly competitive market for steel in a small exporting country. Suppose that steel production causes local air and water pollution. Assume that the larger the steel output, the higher the social cost of pollution; thus, steel production creates a negative externality. a. Explain what type of trade tax or subsidy policy could be used to reduce the negative effects of pollution. Demonstrate the welfare effects using a partial equilibrium diagram. Assume that your policy reduces social costs by R dollars. Under what condition would the policy raise national welfare? b. Explain what type of purely domestic policy could be used to reduce the pollution. Use a partial equilibrium diagram to demonstrate the welfare effects of this policy. Again assume that your policy reduces social costs by R dollars. c. Explain why the purely domestic policy may be superior to the trade policy
2.Is the collection of emissions fees economically efficient in terms of cost effectiveness? How do manufacturers determine the amount of pollution reduction?
1) Which type of market failure does the following represent. a) Construction of a bowling alley in the center of a busy town. Choose one answer from list below. o Asymmetric information o Public good o Tragedy of commons o Positive externality o Adverse selection o Negative externality