3. Describe the overall process of signal transduction. How does this process help organisms coordinate their cellular responses to a single stimulus?
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- Which of the following would not inhibit signal transduction? a. Phosphate groups are removed from proteins. b. Endocytosis acts on receptors and their bound signals. c. Receptors and signaling molecules separate. d. Receptors and bound signaling molecules enter lysosomes. e. Autophosphorylation targets the cytoplasmic portion of the receptor.9. Be able to recognize examples of cellular responses that can be the outcome of a signal transduction mechanism.5. Summarize the signal transduction pathway. EXTRA- CELLULAR FLUID Signaling molecule (first messenger) G protein DAG GTP PIP2 G protein-coupled receptor Phospholipase C IP, (second messenger) IP,-gated calcium channel Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Various Ca proteins activated Cellular Responses Ca (second messenger) CYTOSOL
- 4. Describe the Jak/STAT signal transduction pathway.Which of the following events does not occur during light absorption in the vertebrate eye? The retinal component of rhodopsin changes from cis to trans form. Rhodopsin, a G-proteincoupled receptor, triggers a signaltransduction pathway to close Na+ channels in the plasmamembrane. The light stimulus passes from rods and cones to bipolar cellsand horizontal cells and then to ganglion cells, whose axonscompose the optic nerve. As light absorption increases, the rhodopsin response causesan increase in the release of neurotransmitters. When integrating information across the retina, horizontalcells connect the rods and cones, and amacrine cells join with the bipolar cells and ganglion cells.3. Based on the diagram above and your labels, propose a definition for "transduction" in the context of a signal transduction pathway. 4. Amplification often occurs during the signal transduction step of the cell communication pathway. Explain how the signal above was amplified and draw an arrow on the image to indicate where amplification occurred. 5. List three possible cellular responses that could occur due to a signal being received by a target cell. Hint: look at Figure 6-2 in your book or on the second page of your notes,
- 10. Which one of the following statements is true of the regulation of activities in the human body? J K L Hormones are always transported directly from a gland to an effector The interval between stimulus and response is usually greater if a message is transmitted by the nervous system rather than the endocrine system M Some processes are controlled by both the nervous and endocrine system 11. Oxytocin is a hormone that stimulates milk release during breast feeding. The diagram below shows the stimulus response model for milk release during breast feeding. Messages carried by nerves generally have longer-lasting effects than hormonal messages Sensory receptor Suckling - Oxytocin Blood sel J Sensory receptor K Hypothalamus L Blood vessel M Smooth muscle in breasts A Smooth muscle in breasts Hypothalamus/ posterior pituitary gland Which one of the following is the effector in the pathway? Milk release 12. The Cannabinoids are drugs that prevent the fusion of vesicles with the…Which of the following could not elicit a signal transduction response? a. a protein kinase b. a virus mimicking a normal signal molecule c. a peptide hormone d. a steroid hormone e. a neurotransmitterIn signal transduction, which of the following is not a target protein? a. proteins that regulate gene activity b. hormones that activate the receptor c. enzymes of pathways d. transport proteins e. enzymes of cell reactions
- 5. The following is a sequence of steps that describes the flow of information from an external stimulus to a physiological response: Stimulus- → sensor → integrator→ effector→→→ response When you walk into the cold wearing only a T-shirt, you shiver. a) Identify the stimulus, sensor, integrator, effector, and response in this interaction between you and the cold. (please respond in your blue book) Stimulus Sensor Integrator Effector Response b) i) Explain what shivering accomplishes regarding thermoregulation, and ii) illustrate using the temperature vs time axes below (please redraw into your blue book). Time c) In response to a viral infection, your body mounts a fever in response, i) Explain generally why it does so and ii) describe the steps from infection to the rise in your body's temperature that we have discussed in class. d) After your immune system subdues the virus, you wake up in sweaty clothes. i) Explain generally why you wake up in that state and ii) describe the steps…5. In the book and in our lectures we have discussed the variety of T2RS that mammals use to detect bitter taste. We also noted that there is a differential expression of T2RS in juvenile mammals compared to adults. Propose an argument for why we see such an expansion in this group of receptors compared to others.Which of the following are the correct order of steps needed for guard cells to respond to ligth? Select one: O a. Light hits guard cells, guard cells actively pump potassium and chloride out, water follows the ions out(lower water potential), guard cells lose water and open O b. Light hits guard cells, guard cells actively pump potassium and chloride out, water follows the ions out(lower water potential), guard cells lose water and close O c. Light hits guard cells, guard cells actively pump protons out, protons escort chloride ions in, water follows the ions (lower water potential), guard cells become turgid and open O d. Light hits guard cells, guard cells actively pump protons in, water follows the protons (lower water potential and concentration gradient), guard cells become turgid and close
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