Please answer all. Have 2 hours left on this assignment T23.a) pyruvateb) succinatec) malated) oxaloacetate24. Which of the following can cause an increase in the activity of the citric acid cycle?a) activation of isocitrate dehydrogenase by ADPb) increasing concentrations of oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylasec) increasing concentrations of a-ketoglutarate by transaminationd) all of the abovea) Ab) Bc) Cis used in the first reaction of the citric acid cycle and regenerated upon completionof one turn of the citric acid cycle.25. How does the reaction catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase proceed despite a 4Gº of 29.7kJ/mol?a) an elevated [H*] allows the reaction to proceedb) high levels of NAD+ allow the reaction to proceedc) concentrations of oxaloacetate are kept very low by rapid use in the subsequent stepd) the enzyme is unique in its ability only to catalyze the reaction in one direction26. In the following structure, which carbon is the anomeric carbon?d) De) EABCH₂OHHHOHOHCH₂OHOHEa sievuryq,shzum Issoleda ni analiboo idosons 15bnU SE00 bas lonsris

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Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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The citric acid cycle enzyme at which FADH2 is generated is: A) isocitrate dehydrogenase. B) x-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. C) succinate dehydrogenase. OD) malate dehydrogenase.
Which of the following citric acid cycle enzymes catalyzes substrate-level phosphorylation? A) isocitrate dehydrogenase B) α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase C) succinyl CoA synthetase D) succinate dehydrogenase E) malate dehydrogenase
In the complete b-oxidation of stearic acid (18:0), a) how many moles of acetyl CoA are produced? b) how many times would the fatty acid pass through the fatty acid spiral for complete oxidation? c) what is the total ATP produced in the citric acid cycle? d) how many moles of NADH are produced? e) how many moles of FADH2 are produced? f) how many moles of ATP are produced after all NADH are reoxidized in the respiratory chain? g) how many moles of ATP are produced after all FADH2 are reoxidized in the respiratory chain? h) how many moles of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of stearic acid?
Each of the following citric acid cycle enzymes catalyzes electron transfer to NADH/FADH2 except A) isocitrate dehydrogenase. B) α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. C) succinyl CoA synthetase. D) succinate dehydrogenase. E) malate dehydrogenase.
Under anaerobic conditions, Escherichia coli synthesizes an NADH-dependent fumarate reductase rather than succinatedehydrogenase, the flavoprotein that oxidizes succinate to fumarate. a) Write an equation for the reaction catalyzed by fumarate reductase.b) NADH produced by the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction is re-oxidized by reducing an organicintermediate. Rather than reduce pyruvate to lactate, anaerobic E. coli utilize fumarate reductase. However, underanaerobiosis, the activity of -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is virtually nonexistent. Show how fumarate is formed, usinga reaction beginning with PEP and including the necessary TCA cycle enzymes.c) What is the metabolic advantage to anaerobic E. coli in using the fumarate reductase pathway rather than lactatedehydrogenase to re-oxidize NADH?
Which of these is associated with production of ATP during glycolysis? (Select all that apply) a) Conversion of 1,3-BPG to 3PG b) Conversion of 1,3-BPG to 2,3-BPG c) Conversion of PEP to pyruvate d) Conversion of 2,3-BPG to 2PG e) Phosphorylation of glucose
During the metabolism of glucose in anaerobic cells, the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase is essential to allow glycolysis to continue. This enzyme catalyzes the reduction of pyruvate to lactate. Why is this so essential? OA) It lowers the pH. B) It re-oxidizes NADH to NAD+. C) Lactate stimulates hexokinase activity. D) Pyruvate inhibits pyruvate kinase.
two of the reduced electron carriers in the citric acid cycle come directly from a) isomerization of citrate b) lactic acid fermentation under anaerobic conditions c) condensation of acetate to form long-chain fatty acid d) oxidative decarboxylations e) succinate dehydrogenase reaction
Determine whether the following statements are true or false:- a) The pentose phosphate pathway of glucose conversion is a supplier of NADPH (H +) for reductive syntheses. b) An overdose of insulin causes hypoglycemia in a patient with diabetes mellitus. c) Fructose-6-phosphate is an allosteric regulator of glycolysis.
a.) in human, under what condition will pyruvate be converted to lactate? what type of reaction occurs when pyruvate is converted to lactate? b.) in human, what happens to pyruvate when there is sufficient oxygen supply? which enzyme is involved in this chemical reaction?
Consider the following reaction. What is the consequence of the increase of cytosolic CAMP concentration during the fight-or-flight response? Adenylyl cyclase ATP CAMP PPi O a) The breakdown of glycogen into glucose 1-phosphate O b) The inhibition of glycolysis c) The inhibition of the phosphofructokinase d) The inhibition of the citric acid cycle e) The inhibition of the protein kinase A
Select which of the following enzymes unique to glycolysis are also sites of regulation for glycolysis. Select all that apply. a) glyceraldehyde 3 P dehydrogenase b) PFK c) pyruvate kinase d) hexokinase e) enolase f) phosphoglycerate mutase

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23. is used in the first reaction of the citric acid cycle and regenerated upon completion of one turn of the citric acid cycle. a) pyruvate b) succinate c) malate d) oxaloacetate