21. Oxygen consumption can be used as a measure of metabolic rate because oxygen is (A) necessary for ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation (B) necessary to replenish glycogen levels (C) necessary for fermentation to take place (D) required by all living organisms (E) required to break down the ethanol that is produced in muscles 22. Membranes are components of all of the following EXCEPT a (A) microtubule (B) nucleus (C) Golgi apparatus (D) mitochondrion (E) lysosome 23. In a mesophyll cell of a leaf, the synthesis of ATP occurs in which of the following? I. Ribosomes II. Mitochondria III. Chloroplasts (A) I only (В) II only (C) III only (D) II and III only (E) I, II, and III 24. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in common? (A) A membranebound nucleus (B) A cell wall made of cellulose (C) Ribosomes (D) Flagella or cilia that contain microtubules (E) Linear chromosomes made of DNA and protein 25. Plant stems bend toward a light source as a result of increased (A) chlorophyll synthesis on the side of the stem near the light source (B) cell division on the side of the stem near the light source (C) cell division on the side of the stem away from the light source (D) cell elongation on the side of the stem near the light source (E) cell elongation on the side of the stem away from the light source
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
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