Tab. 20.2. Pathological structural changes of cell organelles Ribosomes -Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (9) Golgi apparatus (10) (11) (12) Peroxisomes Lysosomes Hyaloplasm Type of disturbance Causes Outcomes
Structure and Composition of Cell Membrane
Despite differences in structure and function, all living cells in multicellular organisms are surrounded by a cell membrane. Just like the outer layer of the skin separates the body from its environment similarly, the cell membrane, also known as 'plasma membrane,' separates the inner content from its exterior environment.
Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is known by different names like plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, or biological membrane. The term "cell membrane" was first introduced by C. Nageli and C. Cramer in the year 1855. Later on, in 1931, the term "plasmalemma" for cell membrane was given by J. Plowe. The cell membrane separates the cell's internal environment from the extracellular space. This separation allows the protection of cells from their environment.
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
The cell is defined as the basic structural and functional unit of life. The cell membrane bounds it. It is capable of independent existence.
Cell organelles play a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of eukaryotic cells. These specialized subcellular structures are responsible for carrying out specific functions that are essential for cell survival and overall organismal health. However, under certain pathological conditions or due to various disturbances, cell organelles can undergo structural changes that compromise their normal function. These pathological structural changes can result from a wide range of causes, including genetic mutations, exposure to toxins, imbalances in cellular processes, and more. Understanding these disturbances and their effects on organelles is fundamental to unraveling the mechanisms behind various diseases and cellular dysfunctions. In this discussion, we will explore different types of disturbances that can lead to pathological structural changes in cell organelles, the causes behind these disturbances, and the diverse outcomes they can produce.
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