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- 16. Genetic Variation can occur when homologous chromosomes cross over. What occurs during this process that leads to the genetic variation? (LS3-2) * Corresponding segments of DNA from non-sister chromatids are exchanged. O Two chromatids get tangled, resulting in one re-sequencing its DNA. Two sister chromatids exchange identical pieces of DNA. O Maternal alleles are "corrected" to be like paternal alleles and vice versa.1. Which changes in chromosome structure cause a change in the total amount of genetic material, and which do not? 2. How does a chromosomal duplication occur? 3. An inversion heterozygote has the following inverted chromosome: B What would be the products if a crossover occurred between the genes F and E on the inverted chromosome and the normal chromosome? 4. An individual has the following reciprocal translocation: с D Centromere A B JI HGF ED CKLM Inverted region с D What would be the outcome of alternate segregation, adjacent -1 segregation and adjacent-2 segregation? 5. Two phenotypically unaffected parents produce two children with familial Down syndrome. Regarding chromosome 14 and 21, what are the chromosomal composition of the parents? 6. Explain how aneuploidy, deletions and duplications cause genetic imbalances. 7. Why do you think that deletions and monosomies are more detrimental than duplications and trisomies? 8. Describe some of the advantages of polyploid plants. 9.…Explain how the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance helped to advance our understanding of genetics.
- 1. Starting with a “parent” cell that has two homologous chromosomes as pictured below. (diploid), 2n=2 means that this diploid cell has two same-sized, homologous chromosomes. Fill in the circles below. Just draw chromosomes, no spindles or nuclear envelope. “A” and “a” represent alternate alleles of same gene. Use a vertical metaphase plate. Label each cell as haploid (1n) or diploid (2n)= number of chromosomes. 2. There are two pairs of chromosomes in a diploid cell (2n=4). Label the genes and alleles on homologs and sister chromatids. A is on the big chromosome and B is on the smaller chromosome. The genotype is AaBb. Using a vertical metaphase plate, draw the two independent orientations of this AaBb cell in Metaphase I of MEIOSIS. On the lines above, indicate the genes/alleles in the gametes (after cytokinesis II) that would results from that alignment in the circles above (no crossover has occurred). 3. Discuss, agree and indicate the following on this diagram. If the term…9. The unlettered circle at the top of the figure shows a diploid nucleus with four chromosomes that have not yet replicated. There are two pairs of homologous chromosomes, one long and the other short. One haploid set is black, and the other is gray. The circles labeled A to E show various combinations of these chromosomes. Centromere D E A) Which drawing represents prophase of mitosis? B) Which drawing represents one daughter nucleus at the end of telophase of mitosis? 10. Why do neurons and some other specialized cells divide infrequently? A) They no longer have active nuclei. B) They have entered into G0. C) They only have one set of chromosomes. 11. One difference between cancer cells and normal cells is that cancer cells A) are unable to synthesize DNA. B) are arrested at the S phase of the cell cycle. C) continue to divide regardless if they have the appropriate signals. D) cannot function properly because they can only divide when there is space. 12. The spindle checkpoint…2. Place this events in the correct order that they occur during homologous recombination: A. Resolvase cuts all four chromatidsB. Strand invasion causes one strand of the uncut chromatid to form a D loop C. Spo11 causes a double-strand break in a nonsister chromatidD. Branch migration lengthens the heteroduplex regionE. Recombinant chromosomes separate from each other
- 3. What are other types of chromosomal aberrations? List examples for each type.10. A. In each human female cell, either the maternal or paternal X chromosomes is turned off by the activation of the XIST gene and by adding methyl groups to the chromosome. What do we call the inactivated X chromosome? B. How many Barr bodies does a normal male have? C. If a phenotypic male has a Barr body, then what does this tell you about his chromosomes? D. If a phenotypic female does not have a Barr body, then what does this tell you about her chromosomes? E. Barr bodies are formed during embryonic development when the human embryo is a small ball of cells. Once an X chromosome is turned off in a cell, every descendent of that cell will have the same X chromosome turned off. This results in human females being a mosaic of two kinds of cells. What does the word mosaic mean in this case?7) Picture a scenario where the maternal and paternal chromosomes randomly align all on the same side (all the maternal chromosomes on one side and all of the paternal chromosomes on the other side). If this happened in your body, this would theoretically result in the production of gametes that contained chromosomes which ALL originated from either your mother or your father. Are the chromosomes contained in these gametes identical to the ones you originally inherited from your mother and father? Why or Why not?
- II. A diploid species has 3 pairs of chromosomes in the somatic cells. In males, the first pair is large submetacentric; the second is medium acrocentric, and the third is small telocentric. In females, the first two pairs are like those of the males while the third is large metacentric with satellite. Illustrate the karyograms of the following: a. A triploid cell in femalesb. tetrasomic cell in malesc. tetraploid cell in females7. DNA repair during meiosis, where one allele is switched for another allele already in the genotype?4. What are the major events that enable the genome of one cell to be passed on to two daughter cells?