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- ( give handwriiten mechanism step by step )Predict the major product(s) for the following reactions. No reaction mechanisms are necessary(c) The structures of lycopene, beta-carotene and retinol are shown below. Lycopene Beta-carotene H3C CH; CH3 CH3 OH Retinol (vitamin A) CH3 Using appropriate reaction mechanisms: (i) Show how lycopene is converted into beta-carotene. (ii) Briefly explain how retinol is formed from beta-carotene.
- OH - NH, Br2/KOH →product; 1. (a-hydroxy amide) Product of this Hoffmann bromamide reaction is : OH (a) Ph – Ĉ-CH3 (Ъ) Ph — CHO (c) Ph- CH3 (d) Ph – CH2 -NH2 NO2X6-156. Arrange the following substituted anilines in increasing order of reactivity toward acetic anhydride: sllo NH2 ร้อเป็น NH2 NH2 edi NH2 O₂N. (a) (b) ---- (c) (d) bund NO2 CI H3C-N-CH3 Insmiy X 6-157. Suggest a mechanism for the preparation of acetic anhydride from acetic acid and acetyl chloride in the presence pyridine (an amine base).Nonconjugated , -unsaturated ketones, such as 3-cyclohexenone, are in an acid-catalyzed equilibrium with their conjugated , -unsaturated isomers. Propose a mechanism for this isomerization.
- Aldehydes and ketones react with thiols to yield thioacetals just as they react with alcohols to yield acetals. Predict the product of the following reaction, and propose a mechanism:Enamines normally react with methyl iodide to give two products: one arising from alkylation at nitrogen and the second arising from alkylation at carbon. For example, Heating the mixture of C-alkylation and N-alkylation products gives only the product from C-alkylation. Propose a mechanism for this isomerization.Amines are converted into alkenes by a two-step process called Hofmann elimination. SN2 reaction of the amine with an excess of CH3I in the first step yields an intermediate that undergoes E2 reaction when treated with silver oxide as base. Pentylamine, for example, yields 1-pentene. Propose a structure for the intermediate, and explain why it readily undergoes elimination.
- A step in a synthesis of PGE1 (prostaglandin E1, alprostadil) is the reaction of a trisubstituted cyclohexene with bromine to form a bromolactone. Propose a mechanism for formation of this bromolactone and account for the observed stereochemistry of each substituent on the cyclohexane ring. Alprostadil is used as a temporary therapy for infants born with congenital heart defects that restrict pulmonary blood flow. It brings about dilation of the ductus arteriosus, which in turn increases blood flow in the lungs and blood oxygenation.When cis-2-decalone is dissolved in ether containing a trace of HCl, an equilibrium is established with trans-2-decalone. The latter ketone predominates in the equilibrium mixture. Propose a mechanism for this isomerization and account for the fact that the trans isomer predominates at equilibrium.The following sequence of steps converts (R)-2-octanol to (S)-2-octanol. Propose structural formulas for intermediates A and B, specify the configuration of each, and account for the inversion of configuration in this sequence.
