1a.If you wanted you could take a glucose molecule and convert it to pyruvate via glycolysisand convert it back to glucose via gluconeogenesis. What is the cost of doing so in ATP equivalents?Show how you determine the cost via reactions (no structures).Explain in bioenergetic terms how the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate ingluconeogenesis overcomes the large, negative standard free- energy change of the pyruvate kinasereaction in glycolysis.b.C.The consumption of alcohol (ethanol), especially after periods of strenuous activity or afternot eating for several hours, results in a deficiency of glucose in the blood, a condition known ashypoglycemia. The first step in the metabolism of ethanol by the liver is oxidation to acetaldehyde,catalyzed by liver alcohol dehydrogenase:CH3CH2OH + NAD+ -> CH3CHO + NADH + H+Explain how this reaction inhibits the transformation of lactate to pyruvate. Why does this lead tohypoglycemia?

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Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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During glycolysis, transition, and the citric acid cycle: How many ATP (or GTP) is made in each step? Why is CO2 made in some steps? (Hint: this is NOT from O2) Which steps make activated carrier molecules? What are they “carrying”?
Explain what are the main differences in the cellular location of the sets of chemical reactions known as aerobic catabolism. How and why are the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation coupled?
Reducing power for the synthesis of fatty acids is produced in which reactions? conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3 diP glycerate oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway shuttle of oxaloacetate to the mitochondria both A and B both B and C
Cellular respiration connects the degradation of glucose to the formation of ATP, NADH and FADH2 in a series of 24 enzymatic reactions. Describe the major benefit of breaking down glucose over so many individual steps and describe the main role of NADH and FADH2
Unfavorable reactions can proceed through various strategies in metabolism. Which of the following is/are mechanisms that will push thermodynamically unfavorable reactions to proceed? ... By addition of a carbon dioxide through carboxylation reactions following by decarboxylation. By coupling with ATP and pyrophosphate hydrolysis. By the addition of a COASH that will trap metabolites inside cellular . compartments. 1. Both A and B All of these
Which of these processes is most exergonic? (Think VERY carefully!) Dephosphorylation of glucose Conversion of enol to keto Oxidation of an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid group. ATP hydrolysis
Briefly Explain the mechanistic details behind how ATP is synthase makes ATP, making sure to cover why making ATP this way is referred to as "Oxidative phosphorylation"
Break down the glycolysis pathway in terms of the following reaction steps (you may write or take photos of chemical reactions; be sure to include the enzyme involved): - ATP-requiring steps - ATP-producing steps - NAD-involving steps, and - Irreversible steps
Like many fruits, apples contain not only fructose and glucose, but also sucrose, a dimerof fructose and glucose. Synthesizing sucrose is endergonic and so not spontaneous. Onerole of ATP is to facilitate reactions that would not occur spontaneously. The threephosphate groups are electron rich and tend to repel each other. Therefore, ATP is a bitlike a compressed spring, ready to kick off one phosphate group releasing energy.Consider: Fructose + glucose --> Sucrose delta G= 6.4 kcal/mol ATP --> ADP + Pi delta G= -7.3 kcal/mol a. Draw a simple energy diagram (including the relative energy of the reactants andproducts) that shows why the sucrose synthesis reaction doesn’t occur spontaneously. b. How could having these two reactions occur at the same time help with sucroseproduction? c. Draw the energy diagram that shows all the reactants and products for the combinedreactions. d. What is delta G for the combined reactions? e. Name a few of the biological processes in the body that…
Can you show the math of the ATP gain in the steps?Like for a single pyruvate wouldn't it only be ~12.5 ATP worth
1.provide a solution using a table, listing all the specific individual reactions that will generate ATP either by substrate level phosphorylation (SLP) or by oxidative phosphorylation (OP). 2. Shall the given question require a shuttle system, please use both and indicate the net ATP for each. 3. Get the net ATP for each question given you Specific reaction Number of ATP (+ or -) Question 1: fructose 6-phosphate to 2acetyl coa Question 2: fructose 6-phosphate to 6C02 Question 3: fructose 6-phosphate to 2succinyl coa
Explain the importance of energy and entropy for living cells. State the role of enzymes in controlling metabolic biochemistry. Describe how catabolism converts many complex food molecules to a few kinds of catabolites. Explain how catabolism yields energy and how the energy is stored for use. Describe how the energy carriers ATP and NADH transfer energy between energy-yielding and energy-spending reactions. Describe how sugar is catabolized to pyruvate via glycolysis, along with production of ATP and NADH. Explain how pyruvate can be further TCA cycle (when oxygen is available). polized by fermentation or by the Explain how bacterial catabolic reactions are used in clinical tests to identify a pathogen. Define and explain the importance of nitrogen fixation

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1a. If you wanted you could take a glucose molecule and convert it to pyruvate via glycolysis and convert it back to glucose via gluconeogenesis. What is the cost of doing so in ATP equivalents? Show how you determine the cost via reactions (no structures).