Explain the importance of energy and entropy for living cells. State the role of enzymes in controlling metabolic biochemistry. Describe how catabolism converts many complex food molecules to a few kinds of catabolites. Explain how catabolism yields energy and how the energy is stored for use. Describe how the energy carriers ATP and NADH transfer energy between energy-yielding and energy-spending reactions.

Q: . Write the reaction that links glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. What is the enzyme that…

A: In most aerobic organisms the carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids are oxidized to H2o and…

Q: Stearic acid is an 18-carbon fatty acid. If a single molecular of stearic acid is within the cytosol…

A: Fatty acid biosynthesis (an anabolic process) and β- oxidation of fatty acid (catabolic…

Q: compute the yield of ATP when one molecule of hexanoic acid (6:0 fatty acid) is completely oxidized…

A: Aerobic respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks down organic molecules, such as glucose and…

Q: Describe aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation. Indicate the total number of…

A: The biological process of cellular respiration involves the conversion of energy that is stored in…

Q: Review your understanding of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation by…

A: Glycolysis is a catabolic process in which glucose is broken down into pyruvate molecules…

Q: a. Draw the ATP cycle, Label ATP, ADP + P, energy in from photosynthesis/respiration, energy out for…

A: Energy is important for any cellular process. There are different types of energy known. Like, light…

Q: Calculate the energy savings (in ATP molecules per glucose monomer) obtained by phosphorolyzing…

A: Introduction The assault of inorganic phosphate on a substance is known as phosphorolysis. The…

Q: Using the following diagram, a. name all the steps in citric acid cycle. (What are the…

A: The steps in the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA)…

Q: Provide a table for each question, listing all of the particular individual reactions that will…

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Q: Outline the two major stages of glycolysis. How many ATP molecules (overall) are generated per…

A: Answer- Glycolysis is the process of the formation of 2 pyruvate molecules from one glucose molecule…

Q: Explain why engaging in 30–60 minutes of “aerobics” is promoted as an activity that “burns fat.”…

A: Aerobics is a form of physical exercise that combines rhythmic aerobic exercise with stretching and…

Q: From where, this glucose comes in Cows? Explain in detail each step of Glycolysis in your own words.…

A: Glucose comes from foods in cows. It is synthesized via gluconeogenesis in the liver from…

Q: Draw the reaction mechanism then identify the reaction mechanism that took place, SN1, SN2 and  etc.…

A: SN1 Reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction with a unimolecular rate-determining step.…

Q: Explain why ATP is both an input and output of glycolysis ?

A: Glycolysis is the process in which glucose (a 6-carbon compound) gets converted to pyruvate(1…

Q: Consider the function of the cofactor FAD. Which of the following makes it unique (different) from…

A: Our body is composed of numerous cells, tissues, organs, hormones, and enzymes. Enzymes are protein…

Q: Provide the mechanism by which the hormone glucagon can regulate glycogen breakdown in the liver.…

A: Glucagon regulates glycogen breakdown and the fate of the reaction products in the following ways:-…

Q: Describe the electron-transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation,and how the two processes are…

A: The electron transport chain is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors…

Q: Could someone please explain which sequence illustrates the order of the steps from food to…

A: Following digestion, the simpler compound produced is glucose, which would be metabolised to…

Q: List ALL of the substrate-level phosphorylation steps in cellular respiration and the enzymes that…

A: Substrate level phosphorylation is the metabolic  process by which nucleotide tri phosphate ATP or…

Q: Compare energy from the oxidation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. For example, 18:0 fatty…

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Q: Explain how the pathways of protein, lipid, and carbohydrate catabolism are similar. How are they…

A: Macromolecules are vital for body functioning

Q: In hepatocytes, the enzyme glucokinase catalyzes the ATP-coupled phosphorylation of glucose.…

A: In the reaction mechanism catalysed by glucokinase, glucokinase binds and brings ATP and glucose…

Q: Explain what occurs during glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid) cycle, and electron transport chain…

A: Introduction  All cells require energy to survive and energy comes from respiration or metabolism.…

Q: Show the net reaction of glycolysis, including co-enzymes. Which components are oxidized and which…

A: Glycolysis is the catabolic process involved in the oxidation of hexose molecule glucose into three…

Q: What is the relationship between energy-requiring reactions, ATP hydrolysis, and cellular…

A: Answer :  Endergonic reaction require energy input, as reactants contain less energy than products.…

Q: The primary function of the Krebs cycle is to ?     complete the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats,…

A: The Krebs or citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a major source of cellular…

Q: Several general characteristics of metabolic reactions or reaction pathways are listed. Classify…

A: Metabolism is the sum  total of all chemical reactions taking place in an organism. It can be…

Q: Define and describe the steady-state in metabolism using glycolysis as your example.  Your answer…

A: Homeostasis (homeo : same/consistent, balance : state) is a condition where the body manages to keep…

Q: Consider the function of the cofactor FAD. Which of the following makes it unique (different) from…

A: FAD stands for flavin adenine dinucleotide in its oxidised condition. FADH2 is the name given to it…

Q: Use a flowchart to arrange the following steps in the catabolism of carbohydrates in the order by…

A: Carbohydrates are macronutrients. They are metabolized through various biochemical pathways, in…

Q: Describe how cells obtain their energy to do work via ATP. Start with the carbohydrates eaten in a…

A: The body performs several physical as well as physiological activities, and for doing these, the…

Q: Compare the ATP yields from catabolism of a stearic acid with the ATP produced from complete…

A: In the biochemical pathway of the cell, the fuel molecules are catabolized to produce energy in…

Q: Discuss the importance of citric acid cycle as central metabolic pathway.

A: The citric acid cycle is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release…

Q: For Glycolysis what are steps of cellular respiration for both aerobic (oxygen present) and…

A: Aerobic respiration- The respiration is a fixed metabolic reaction that takes place in the presence…

Q: Glucose is degraded into glucose and oxygen is released by respiration in Cows. From where, this…

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Q: Give an example of one enzyme that participates in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.  Evaluate…

A: Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway of the process of metabolism, where a series of chemical…