12.1 A 1500 kN load was applied on two 20 m long and 500 mm diameter piles that were instrumented for measuring the load variation with depth. a. The variation of frictional resistance per unit area, f), with depth for the first pile is shown in Figure P12.1a. 10 m 5 m z(m) FIGURE P12.1 40 70 (a) f(z) (kN/m²) Soil 1 Soil 2 z(m) Using Eq. (12.9), draw the variation of pile load Qa) with depth. b. The variation of pile load Qa) with depth for the second pile is shown in Figure P12.1b. Using Eq. (12.9), draw the vari- ation of frictional resistance per unit area, f), with depth. 300 800 1500 (b) Q(z) (KN) Soil 1 Soil 2

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Braced cuts

The braced cut is a method of providing lateral support to the soil in foundation trenches, to prevent the trenches from deformation by the caving in of soil and resisting it from moving laterally. During shallow excavation in firm soil, generally, slopes are provided to resist the caving in of soil. During shallow excavation in soft soil and deep excavation, the chances of caving in of soil increase. Hence, it becomes necessary to make a provision to resist the deformation of trenches due to caving in of soil. The braced cut is the method used for such conditions. The excavation using braced cuts is a bit uneconomical as compared to the traditional open-cut excavation method but provides better safety than the cut excavation method.