12 3. To explore the consequences of coupling ATP hydrolysis under physiological conditions to a thermodynamically unfavorable biochemical reaction, consider the hypothetical transformation X - Y, for which AG° = 20 kJ/mol. (a) What is the ratio [Y]/[X] at equilibrium? (b) Suppose X and Y participate in a sequence of reactions during which ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi. The overall reaction is →Y+ ADP + P X + ATP + H2O Calculate [Y]/[X] for this reaction at equilibrium. Assume that the temperature is 25 C and the equilibrium concentrations of ATP, ADP, and Piare all 1 M. (c) We know that [ATP], [ADP], and [Pi] are not 1 M under physiological conditions. Calculate [Y]/[X] for the ATP-coupled reaction when the values of [ATP], [ADP], and [Pi] are those found in rat myocytes (look at the Table 13-5).
Lipids
The heterogeneous classes of organic compounds that are not water-soluble but are dissolved in organic solvents that are non-polar in nature are termed lipids. They are a long chain of fatty acids and esters of alcohols. Lipids are generally seen in several plants, microorganisms, and animals. They are utilized as insulation, components of the cell membrane, hormones, and molecules for the storage of energy.
Glycerophospholipid
Glycerophospholipid is the most abundantly occuring phospholipids found in the biological membranes. Lipids include a group of organic compounds like fats, hormones, oils, waxes, vitamins etc. They are non-polar molecules and are insoluble in water. Lipids play an important role in biological systems. They are the building blocks of our cell membranes, store energy and are involved in signaling.
Structure Of Camphor
A terpene with the molecular formula of C10H16O is a waxy, white color solid known as camphor. It is flammable. It also possesses a very pungent taste and a strong odor. There are various sources for extracting camphor from natural products such as the wood of the tree of camphor laurel. Sublimation of wood and steam distillation are some of the methods involved in obtaining camphor.
Glycolipid In Organic Chemistry
Glycolipids are lipids that are an important class of organic compounds in chemistry that have simple to complex applications. They contain carbohydrates, fatty acids, sphingolipids or a glycerol group. In other words, they are the modifications of lipids like acylglycerols, prenols and ceramides. They are all part of a wider group of compounds known as glycoconjugates.
Diterpenoid
The terpenoid class includes diterpenoids, which are chemical compounds with 20 carbon atoms. They are made up of four isoprene units and are derived from geranylgeraniol, a C20 precursor. They have a C20H32 basic structure. These characteristics distinguish diterpenoids from simple terpenes, which have just 10 carbon atoms.
Part b
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3. To explore the consequences of coupling ATP hydrolysis under physiological conditions to a
thermodynamically unfavorable biochemical reaction, consider the hypothetical transformation X
- Y, for which AG° = 20 kJ/mol.
(a) What is the ratio [Y]/[X] at equilibrium?
(b) Suppose X and Y participate in a sequence of reactions during which ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP
and Pi. The overall reaction is
→Y+ ADP + P
X + ATP + H2O
Calculate [Y]/[X] for this reaction at equilibrium. Assume that the temperature is 25 C and the
equilibrium concentrations of ATP, ADP, and Piare all 1 M.
(c) We know that [ATP], [ADP], and [Pi] are not 1 M under physiological conditions. Calculate [Y]/[X]
for the ATP-coupled reaction when the values of [ATP], [ADP], and [Pi] are those found in rat
myocytes (look at the Table 13-5).](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F079cba43-566f-4c95-9de9-a2e279b041b7%2F772b2398-b135-4318-b6ac-6c3daa8ef68f%2F07ykwlc.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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