1. Using the schematic on the right, which section (A or B) will exhibit the highest osmolarity (high solute concentration)? Why?

Solutes tend to diffuse from a region where they are _______ more/less concentrated to an adjacent region where they are ________ more/less concentrated.

Which of the following is an example of autoregulation of kidney function? a. The RAAS regulates Na1 by secreting renin when blood pressure or blood volume decreases. b. The ADH system regulates water balance by decreasing water reabsorption and increasing excretion of salt. c. Receptors in the juxtaglomerular apparatus detect a higher salt concentration in the distal convoluted tubule and trigger constriction of the afferent arteriole to reduce glomerular filtration rate. d. ANF is released by the kidney to increase renin release. e. Angiotensin II lowers blood pressure by constricting arterioles.

Figure 41.8 Loop diuretics are drugs sometimes used to treat hypertension. These drugs inhibit the reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- ions by the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. A side effect is that they increase urination. Why do you think this is the case?

The rate at which the Na+K+ pump operates is not constant but is controlled by a combined effect of changes in ICF Na+ concentration and ECF K+ concentration. Do you think the changes in both ICF Na+ and ECF K+ concentration following a series of action potentials in a neuron would accelerate, slow down, or have no effect on the Na+K+ pumps in this cell?

Describe the contribution of each of the following to establishing and maintaining membrane potential: (a) the Na+K+ pump, (b) passive movement of K+ across the membrane, (c) passive movement of Na+ across the membrane, and (d) the large intracellular anions.

Using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation, determine what happens to the resting membrane potential if the ECF K+ concentration doubles to 10 mM.

Drinking alcohol inhibits ADH secretion. What effect will drinking a beer have on the permeability of kidney tubules to sodium? To water?

A patient arrives at the emergency department with dangerously low blood pressure. The patients blood colloid osmotic pressure is normal. How would you expect this situation to affect the patients net filtration pressure?

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, ________. decreased blood pressure prompts the release of renin from the liver aldosterone prompts increased urine output aldosterone prompts the kidneys to reabsorb sodium all of the above