1. For the molecules water, H2O, and carbon dioxide, CO2, provide the following information. a. The best Lewis structure for the molecule. b. Whether the partial charge on each atom is positive, negative, or zero. c. The shape of the molecule around the central atom. d. Whether the O-H bond in water and the C-O bond in carbon dioxide are polar or non-polar. e. Whether the dipole moment of the molecule is zero or non-zero. 2. Because the electronegativities of C and H are very similar and C-H bonds are very short, a C-H bond is essentially nonpolar. a. Draw the Lewis structure for propane, CH3CH2CH3. b. Explain whether the dipole moment of propane is zero or non-zero. c. Do you expect you answer to part b) to apply to all molecules that contain only C-C single bonds and C-H bonds? (These molecules are called alkanes.)
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
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