1. An older memory study by Eysenck (1974) compared the recall of older participants under one of 5 levels of processing of the learned material. He demonstrated that when asked to perform a higher level of processing a list of words, participants showed better recall at a later time. Eysenck also compared Younger and Older participants on their recall abilities when instructed that they should simply memorize the material for later recall. The data on 10 participants in each group follow, where the DV is the number of items recalled. Younger 21 19 17 15 22 16 22 22 18 21 Older 10 19 14 5 10 11 14 15 11 11 a. Conduct the analysis of variance comparing the means of these two groups. Do this one by hand, including stating your hypotheses, Finding the critical F, and completing the summary table, so that you can compare your test statistic to your critical F. b. Then, interpret your results. 2. Another way to look at Eysenck's study is to compare four groups of participants. One group consisted of Younger people instructed to use a Low level of processing. A second group consisted of Younger people instructed to use a High level of processing. The other two groups were Older participants instructed to use either Low or High processing. The data follow: Young/Low 8 6 4 6 7 6 5 7 9 7 Young/Hi 21 19 17 15 22 16 22 22 18 21 Older/Lo 9 8 6 8 10 4 6 5 7 7 Older/Hi 10 19 14 5 10 11 14 15 11 11 a. Calculating by hand, go through the same steps that you did for #1. Be sure to interpret your results using Corty's 4-point interpretation. b. Hand-calculate HSD, and determine which (if any) groups are significantly different. c. Enter these data into SPSS, and confirm your hand-calculated results. Paste your SPSS summary table and Post-hoc table from SPSS here. Then answer the following questions: d. For the overall one-way ANOVA what is r2? e. What does that mean? Use the value for r2 in your answer to this question. f. Which value represents the original Sum of Squared Deviations around the Grand Mean? g. Which value represents the Sum of Squares explained by groups?
Addition Rule of Probability
It simply refers to the likelihood of an event taking place whenever the occurrence of an event is uncertain. The probability of a single event can be calculated by dividing the number of successful trials of that event by the total number of trials.
Expected Value
When a large number of trials are performed for any random variable ‘X’, the predicted result is most likely the mean of all the outcomes for the random variable and it is known as expected value also known as expectation. The expected value, also known as the expectation, is denoted by: E(X).
Probability Distributions
Understanding probability is necessary to know the probability distributions. In statistics, probability is how the uncertainty of an event is measured. This event can be anything. The most common examples include tossing a coin, rolling a die, or choosing a card. Each of these events has multiple possibilities. Every such possibility is measured with the help of probability. To be more precise, the probability is used for calculating the occurrence of events that may or may not happen. Probability does not give sure results. Unless the probability of any event is 1, the different outcomes may or may not happen in real life, regardless of how less or how more their probability is.
Basic Probability
The simple definition of probability it is a chance of the occurrence of an event. It is defined in numerical form and the probability value is between 0 to 1. The probability value 0 indicates that there is no chance of that event occurring and the probability value 1 indicates that the event will occur. Sum of the probability value must be 1. The probability value is never a negative number. If it happens, then recheck the calculation.
1. An older memory study by Eysenck (1974) compared the recall of older participants under one of 5 levels of processing of the learned material. He demonstrated that when asked to perform a higher level of processing a list of words, participants showed better recall at a later time. Eysenck also compared Younger and Older participants on their recall abilities when instructed that they should simply memorize the material for later recall. The data on 10 participants in each group follow, where the DV is the number of items recalled.
Younger 21 19 17 15 22 16 22 22 18 21
Older 10 19 14 5 10 11 14 15 11 11
a. Conduct the analysis of variance comparing the means of these two groups. Do this one by hand, including stating your hypotheses, Finding the critical F, and completing the summary table, so that you can compare your test statistic to your critical F.
b. Then, interpret your results.
2. Another way to look at Eysenck's study is to compare four groups of participants. One group consisted of Younger people instructed to use a Low level of processing. A second group consisted of Younger people instructed to use a High level of processing. The other two groups were Older participants instructed to use either Low or High processing. The data follow:
Young/Low 8 6 4 6 7 6 5 7 9 7
Young/Hi 21 19 17 15 22 16 22 22 18 21
Older/Lo 9 8 6 8 10 4 6 5 7 7
Older/Hi 10 19 14 5 10 11 14 15 11 11
a. Calculating by hand, go through the same steps that you did for #1. Be sure to interpret your results using Corty's 4-point interpretation.
b. Hand-calculate HSD, and determine which (if any) groups are significantly different.
c. Enter these data into SPSS, and confirm your hand-calculated results. Paste your SPSS summary table and Post-hoc table from SPSS here. Then answer the following questions:
d. For the overall one-way ANOVA what is r2?
e. What does that
f. Which value represents the original Sum of Squared Deviations around the Grand Mean?
g. Which value represents the Sum of Squares explained by groups?
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