1.) A communication system is defined below: Transmitter Power: = 45 dBm; Frequency = 1 GHz Transmit Antenna: Gain = 12 dB, height above ground = 50 meters; Receive Antenna: Gain = 6 dB, height above ground= 2.5 meters Find the received power (in dBm) at a range of 4 kilometers: a. using the free-space range equation b. using the near-earth range equation Using the results of the calculations in a & b above: c. determine the best prediction of the received power (in dBm) at the 4 kilometer range. 2.)  A transmitter operating at 80 MHz has an output power of 1.5 kW which is fed to an antenna with a gain of 20 dB. Determine the "keep-out" distance (in meters) required to meet the safety standard.

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Antenna Characteristics

The antenna is an important concept in the domain of electronics and communication engineering. An antenna forms an integral part of many commonly used devices such as wireless modems, routers, game controllers, mobile phones, bluetooth devices, and so on. In simple terms, any wireless communication makes use of antennas to serve the purpose. An antenna, also known by the term 'arial', is an electrical device that converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves or electromagnetic waves into electrical signals. An antenna contains a transmission line usually made up of co-axial cable, it then receives the signals and converts them into electromagnetic waves, which are then transmitted via space into their required destination. A communication system essentially makes use of two antennas, a transmission antenna, which converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves, and a receiving antenna, which receives the electromagnetic waves and converts them back into electrical signals.