SePośgroiондA0IttheCHM60 - Metabolism Review Questions1) What is ATP, and why is it significant in metabolism?2) What is the relationship between NAD and NADH? What is the relationship between FADand FADH₂? Why are these molecules significant in metabolism?3) What is the net result of glycolysis for a single glucose molecule? What are each of theproducts used for?4) What is the net reaction of the citric acid cycle for a single acetyl-coenzyme A molecule?What are each of the products used for?5) In oxidative phosphorylation, what is oxidized and what is phosphorylated?CHM60 Lecture Worksheet: Carbohydrates1

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Answered: 1) What is ATP, and why is it…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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What is the amount of ATP yield per one glucose molecule? Is this amount always achieved? If not explain what happens to a cell’s essential metabolites when the requirement for biosynthesis is greater than the cells energy requirement? When the biosynthesis requirement is less than its energy requirement?
Glucose binds to glycogen phosphorylase and competitively inhibits the enzyme. What is the physiological advantage of this?
Consider the total breakdown of the glycogen structure below. Assuming each glycosidic linkage can be broken down completely and the resulting products are fed through glycolytic metabolism. a) If this molecule was in your muscles, how many molecules of ATP would it generate through fermentation? how many molecules of lactate? b) If the same molecule was in your liver, but was instead fueling glycolysis in your brain, how many molecules of ATP would it generate for the brain through glycolysis? c) The lactate produced in (a) is then transported back to the liver from your muscles. There, it can be used to drive glucose synthesis (known as the Cori cycle). Assume all glucose from this lactate is then re-incorporated into newly synthesized glycogen. List the steps needed for this transformation in the liver and the amount of ATP equivalents it will consume (going from lactate). Also, identify a signaling pathway that would trigger its incorporation into new glycogen, instead of being…
During glycolysis (under anaerobic conditions), for each glucose molecule broken down, how many ATP molecules are used and how many are made in total? A diagram summarizing the different reactions of glycolysis is given below. ATP ADP ATP ADP Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate 2 (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate 2 (1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate) 2 (3-Phosphoglycerate) 2 (2-Phosphoglycerate) 2 H₂O 2 (Phosphoenolpyruvate) 2 (Pyruvate) 2 NAD+ + 2Pi 2 NADH + 2H 2 ADP 2 ATP -2 ADP 2 ATP 2 ATP molecules are used and 2 ATP molecules are made 2 ATP molecules are used and 4 ATP molecules are made O 6 ATP molecules are used and no ATP molecules are made O 4 ATP molecules are used and 2 ATP molecules are made O No ATP molecules are used and 6 ATP molecules are made
Using the following glycolisis diagram, a. name all the steps in citric acid cycle, what are the intermediates. refer to the diagram given. b. Is glycolysis endothermic or exothermic.
*Determine the ATP yield from the metabolism of one molecule of glucose under the following conditions: a) b) c) in a mammalian muscle cell carrying out anaerobic glycolysis. in Escherichia coli, an aerobic prokaryote in a mammalian brown fat cell, in which electron transport occurs without producing ATP
How many total ATP are REQUIRED to make 2 molecules of glucose in the liver via GNG starting with 4 molecules of 3PG?
What are the products of glycolysis (from one glucose molecule)? What happens with NADH under aero (with oxygen) vs anaerobic (without oxygen)?
Two reactions are shown below. These reactions are directly coupled in cells by an enzyme called hexokinase, which is a key enzyme in glycolysis. It is generally the case that reactions that are directly coupled by enzymes share some common reactants. What is the net reaction when these two reactions are combined? Glucose + Inorganic Phosphate + ATP + Water → Glucose 6-phosphate + ADP Glucose + ATP + Water → Glucose 6-phosphate + ADP + Inorganic Phosphate Glucose + ATP → Glucose 6-phosphate + Inorganic Phosphate Glucose + ATP → Glucose 6-phosphate + ADP
What is glycogenesis? What are the different enzymes involved and the specific catalysis reactions in glycogenesis? What are the important products in glycogenesis? please answer all
If there are 3 molecules of glucose, how many molecules of pyruvic acid are produced after glycolysis?
One consequence of ethanol addiction is fatty liver disease, an illness in which liver cells accumulate large amounts of triacylglycerols, the esters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Ethanol is oxidized in the cytoplasm of liver cells by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase to yield acetate and 2 NADH. Acetate is then transported into the mitochondrion, where it is converted to acetyl-CoA and metabolized in the citric acid cycle. When alcohol is consumed in excessive quantities, the resulting high levels of NADH cause metabolic abnormalities, one of which is high levels of fatty acid synthesis. Fatty acid synthesis, also a cytoplasmic process, uses acetyl-CoA as a substrate and NADPH as a reducing agent. Speculate about how a high level of cytoplasmic NADH provides a source of NADPH for fatty acid synthesis.

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