1) Take the derivative of this function to find the force function associated with it. 2) Demonstrate that for values of r close to re, the potential is close to harmonic: i.e., the force is proportional to displacement and opposite in direction. (Suggestion: expand the exponential function as a power series.) 3) Show that for large amplitudes, the vibrational frequency of the oscillator is less than the

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1) Take the derivative of this function to find the force function associated with it.

2) Demonstrate that for values of r close to \( r_e \), the potential is close to harmonic: i.e., the force is proportional to displacement and opposite in direction. (Suggestion: expand the exponential function as a power series.)

3) Show that for large amplitudes, the vibrational frequency of the oscillator is less than the frequency of an equivalent harmonic oscillator. (Suggestion: include higher order terms in the expansion.)

(Note: There are no graphs or diagrams in the image.)
Transcribed Image Text:1) Take the derivative of this function to find the force function associated with it. 2) Demonstrate that for values of r close to \( r_e \), the potential is close to harmonic: i.e., the force is proportional to displacement and opposite in direction. (Suggestion: expand the exponential function as a power series.) 3) Show that for large amplitudes, the vibrational frequency of the oscillator is less than the frequency of an equivalent harmonic oscillator. (Suggestion: include higher order terms in the expansion.) (Note: There are no graphs or diagrams in the image.)
**The Morse Potential**

The harmonic potential, \( V(x) = \frac{1}{2}kx^2 \), is a useful start for modeling molecular vibrations, but it has limitations. A realistic potential between two atoms should accurately represent the sharp increase in the potential as two nuclei come in close proximity, and also have the ability for a bond to break: that is, an asymptote \( V \to 0 \) as \( x \to \infty \).

One option, as shown in the figure, is the Morse potential:

\[
V(r) = D(1 - e^{-\alpha(r-r_e)})^2
\]

![Graph of Morse Potential](attachment)

In the graph, the Morse potential equation is represented. The potential energy \( V(r) \) is plotted on the vertical axis, while the distance \( r \) is on the horizontal axis. As the graph shows, the potential drops steeply to a minimum value before rising again to approach zero.

The parameter \( D \) is the well depth (or binding energy) of the potential, \( r_e \) is the bond length, and \( \alpha \) is the anharmonicity constant.
Transcribed Image Text:**The Morse Potential** The harmonic potential, \( V(x) = \frac{1}{2}kx^2 \), is a useful start for modeling molecular vibrations, but it has limitations. A realistic potential between two atoms should accurately represent the sharp increase in the potential as two nuclei come in close proximity, and also have the ability for a bond to break: that is, an asymptote \( V \to 0 \) as \( x \to \infty \). One option, as shown in the figure, is the Morse potential: \[ V(r) = D(1 - e^{-\alpha(r-r_e)})^2 \] ![Graph of Morse Potential](attachment) In the graph, the Morse potential equation is represented. The potential energy \( V(r) \) is plotted on the vertical axis, while the distance \( r \) is on the horizontal axis. As the graph shows, the potential drops steeply to a minimum value before rising again to approach zero. The parameter \( D \) is the well depth (or binding energy) of the potential, \( r_e \) is the bond length, and \( \alpha \) is the anharmonicity constant.
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