. Some anaerobic bacteria use an alternative pathway for glucose catabolism, shown below, that converts glucose to acetate rather than to pyruvate. The first part of this pathway (glucose to fructose- 1,6-bisphosphate) is identical to the glycolytic pathway. In the second part of the alternative pathway, Enzymes 1-6 all have mechanisms/activities analogous to enzymes in glycolysis. Note that there are two C-C bond cleavage reactions in this new pathway: A-B + C(Enzyme 1) and C → B + D. All the steps where ATP is consumed or generated have been shown; however, the addition or loss of NAD* /NADH, P, H,0, or H* has not been shown explic- itly. Draw the structures for the intermediates B, F, G, H, and I, and include other reaction participants as needed. HK PGI PFK Glucose Glucose-6-P Fructose-6-P Fructose-1,-6-bisP АТР ADP АТР ADP "Isomerase" CH,-0-PO,- CH,-0-PO,2- ATP OH HC-OH HC-OH C=0 C=0 "Kinase" CH,OH HC-OH HC-OH CH,-0-PO,2- ADP B "Dehydrogenase" ADP ATP ADP 6 H "Dehydrogenase" "Kinase" "Kinase" Acetate ATP

. Some anaerobic bacteria use an alternative pathway for glucose catabolism, shown below, that converts glucose to acetate rather than to pyruvate. The first part of this pathway (glucose to fructose- 1,6-bisphosphate) is identical to the glycolytic pathway. In the second part of the alternative pathway, Enzymes 1-6 all have mechanisms/activities analogous to enzymes in glycolysis. Note that there are two C-C bond cleavage reactions in this new pathway: A-B + C(Enzyme 1) and C → B + D. All the steps where ATP is consumed or generated have been shown; however, the addition or loss of NAD* /NADH, P, H,0, or H* has not been shown explic- itly. Draw the structures for the intermediates B, F, G, H, and I, and include other reaction participants as needed. HK PGI PFK Glucose Glucose-6-P Fructose-6-P Fructose-1,-6-bisP АТР ADP АТР ADP "Isomerase" CH,-0-PO,- CH,-0-PO,2- ATP OH HC-OH HC-OH C=0 C=0 "Kinase" CH,OH HC-OH HC-OH CH,-0-PO,2- ADP B "Dehydrogenase" ADP ATP ADP 6 H "Dehydrogenase" "Kinase" "Kinase" Acetate ATP

Chemistry

10th Edition

ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...

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Chemical species that are produced during one step and used by another; do not appear as a final product but are products of an elementary reaction; are low energy; and are short-lived are O reactants O activated complexes O transition states O reaction intermediates
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The acid-catalysed conversion of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHBA) into its lactone, γ-butyrolactone (GBL) is a reversible reaction. The GHBA to GBL forward reaction is first-order with respect to the GHBA concentration; the GBL to GHBA reverse reaction is first-order with respect to the GBL concentration. An experimental study of the kinetics of this reaction was undertaken in 0.2 mol L-1hydrochloric acid (HCl) at 298 K. The initial concentration of GHBA was 18.23 × 10-3mol L-1 . The concentration of GBL in solution was followed as a function of time (t), as indicated in Table B.3: Time/min 0 21 36 50 65 80 100 ∞ GBL Concentration / 10-3 L-1 0 2.41 3.73 4.96 6.10 7.08 8.11 13.28 Use the data in Table B.3 to determine the equilibrium constant and the first-order rate constants for both forward and reverse reactions.
Carbonic Anhydrase or carbonic dehydratase is a family of metalloenzymes containingzinc (Zn2+) ion in its active site. Carbonic anhydrase can greatly increase the rate of thisreaction, reaching a reaction rate of 104 - 106 per second. It is defined as the enzyme found inred blood cells, other parts of animals and plants, that breaks down carbonic acid with carbondioxide and water.CO2(g) + H2O(l) → H2CO3(aq)For the carbonic anhydrase activity specified by the equation above, evaluate the standardreaction Gibbs energy at 25 °C?
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Our body obtains energy from the combustion of glucose. During this process, glycerate is transformed first into pyruvate. This reaction has an activation energy close to 44 kJ. Estimate how many times faster this reaction is when someone has a high fever close to 106 F (41 oC) compared to its rate at normal body temperature (98.6 F; 37 oC). Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a b с d 31% faster 11% faster 24% faster 259% faster Your answer
Although the ATP-ADP reaction is the principle energy shuttle in metabolic pathways, many other examples of coupled reactions exist. glutamic acid + NH3 glutamine + H2O, ΔGo = 14 kJ. Can be coupled with the acetyl phosphate reaction shown CH3COOPO3H2 + H2O CH3COOH + H3PO4, ΔGo = -46.9 kJ a. Calculate ΔGo for the overall process.
oxidation of methyl alcohol are quite toxic, death as they interfere with key reactions in the celis of cess that occurs in the reaction. All these definitions are summarized death as they interfere with key reactions in the cells of oxidation of methyl alcohol are quite toxic, e find that the particular definition of oxidation and reduction we use ess that occurs in the reaction All these definitions are summarized fon always involves a loss of electrons, but it may also be seen as an r the loss of hydrogen atoms. A reduction always involves a gain of o be seen as the loss of oxygen or the gain of hydrogen. 7.46 Identify each of the following as an oxidation or a reduction: a. O2(g) + 4 e → 20²-(ag) b. Ag(s) → Ag*(aq) + e Fe2*(aq) c. + e → Fe2+ d. 2Br (aq) → Br2(1) + 2 e 17 In each of the following, identify the reactant that is oxidized 7.47 and the reactant that is reduced:
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Referring to this reaction coordinate diagram, what is the free energy of activation for the reaction B → A? E В C reaction coordinate O C O D O B O E O A free energy
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4. The reaction shown below is part of the glycolytic pathway. The standard free energy change for this reaction is +0.4 kcal/mol. Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) €→ Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) C) Steady-state concentrations of these compounds in the cell (at 25°C) are 0.675 mM G6P and 0.0969 mM F6P. In which direction is this reaction allowed to proceed in the cell? (show calculations)