CJ347M2A

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Southern New Hampshire University *

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Apr 3, 2024

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Allen Bittner Southern New Hampshire University CJ 347 3/17/2024 Module Two Assignment Two different types of data aid crime analysts, primary and secondary data. Secondary data can be understood as data collected by another source. Primary data is information that the researcher has generated for themselves. Both forms of data have their pros and cons. Secondary data is typically past information that is quick, easily accessible, and economical. However secondary data may not be specific enough for the target research, and relatively less accurate and reliable due to other people collecting the information (Wienclaw, 2021). Alternatively, primary data has a longer collection time, more expensive, and typically very involved. But the information is real time data that is more reliable and accurate due to not relying on others for data collection. Secondary data is typically used in the forms of information from databases or arrests reports to understand the general situation around the research question. Primary data is used to reinforce and narrow the secondary data. Primary data can take many forms, some of which include interviews, focus groups, and surveys. For this analysis, I have selected auto thefts within Philadelphia Pa. Using secondary sources, it is evident that auto thefts have dramatically increased within Philadelphia between 1985 and 1990, increasing by 856.4 per 100,000 people. From 1990 to 2011 auto thefts declined, eventually reaching 451.4 auto thefts per 100,000 people. This information was collected from Sage Data, a secondary data source, which expresses information in various charts and maps.

Sage data collects their source information, for this subject, from the Federal Bureau of Investigation. While looking at databases can be helpful to find information, some secondary data can be gleaned by looking at information already collected by the area of interest. For example, the Philadelphia Police department website lists statistics which include charts for the time periods and compares them to the previous period to find the change in crime rate. For example, the week 10 figure shows that within 2 concurrent 28-day periods, auto thefts have decreased by 8.99% (CITYWIDEWK 10, 2023) (Crime Maps & Stats, n.d.). While the data collected before is very helpful, it does not provide specific information, which leads room for researchers to conduct their own research to find primary data in order to understand why crimes are occurring. The data mentioned earlier leads a crime analyst to collect more information to narrow down their findings and provide analysis / conclusions that can help reduce crime. Further research questions could include: why do certain places experience more auto thefts than others? Who was involved and were there affiliations with crime groups? What happened to the stolen car? Sold vs chop shop vs being used by the thief? Etc. Once the crime analyst narrows down the research question, they can use methods to collect primary data. For example, if the researcher chose to look at why specific places experience more auto thefts, the researcher may choose to use surveys or conduct interviews to understand societal perception of the issue near the hotspots. Additionally, researchers could conduct observations which would include situational / environmental conditions, that lead to an ease of carrying out auto thefts in those locations. When primary and secondary data are used together, it creates a more holistic view of crime. The proactive crime approach involves looking at causes of crime and implementing programs that help reduce or prevent crime from occurring. To do this, professionals look at data to help inform

their decisions. To understand what factors contribute to the crime rate, both secondary and primary data are needed. As explained earlier, secondary data can provide general information about a crime or place. Questioning secondary data and looking for more specific research questions can spark the need for specific or individualized data which can be gathered from primary data / research. Including both secondary and primary data creates a better understanding of crime, which leads to finding solutions to lower crime rates and thus supporting the proactive approach to policing.

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References Boba, R. (2017). Crime Analysis with Crime Mapping . Sage Publications, Inc. CITYWIDEWK 10.pdf . (2023). Google Docs. Retrieved March 17, 2024, from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vHAaHnRTWe6INNi4cf1Cf4f__eDTB2mB/view? usp=drive_link Crime Maps & Stats . (n.d.). Philadelphia Police Department. https://www.phillypolice.com/crimestats Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2022, December 20). Offenses known to law enforcement: Confirmed crime rate Philadelphia, Auto Theft, 1980 - 2020. [Data set]. Sage Data. Sage Publishing Ltd https://doi-org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.6068/DP18E4D424E6A0 Wienclaw, R. A. (2021). Analysis of Secondary Data. Salem Press Encyclopedia .

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