Research Design & Data Visualization in Aeronautics Study

1 1.3 Assignment: Research Design, Tables, and Graphs William McCathern Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University RSCH 665: Statistical Analysis Kelly George March 19, 2024 5

2 Introduction A survey was administered to 40 professional aeronautics students participating in an economics course. Students were asked how many hours they had spent studying over the weekend. The findings were organized into a frequency table, as shown in Table 1. This table visualizes the data distribution. It demonstrates that the most frequent response was 7 hours of study over the weekend, with 18 of 40 students reporting this amount of time. Questions 1a. This is an experimental investigation due to the researcher investigating the link between variables. The researcher is aiming to examine if one variable causes a change in the other variable. 1b. The independent variable is the type of coffee (regular, decaffeinated). The dependent variable is the amount of time needed to fall asleep. 2a. This is non-experimental because the observer did not choose the seats for the passengers. The passengers chose their seats and the observer just watched. 2b. The independent variable is seat choice. The dependent variable is customer satisfaction. 3a. This is a quasi-experimental investigation due to the researcher chose the type of break rooms vice randomness. 3b. The independent variable is the type of break room. The dependent variable is the reaction time of the air traffic controllers.

3 Results Figure 1 Table 1. Frequency table result of hours studied during the past weekend amongst forty professional aeronautics students. Figure 2

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4 Figure 2. Histogram graph showing hours frequency studied during the past weekend amongst forty professional aeronautics students. Visual representations, such as histograms, can enhance frequency tables to offer a more comprehensible picture of the data. As shown in Figure 2, the heights of the bars in the histogram correspond to the frequencies for each bin in the table. However, depending on the bin width used, the look of the histogram might change drastically. Wider bins might make it harder to see that most pupils studied for 5 to 10 hours. Narrower bins would display the concentration more precisely while increasing variability. For audiences unfamiliar with the complexities of the data, bigger bins are recommended to illustrate the general pattern of most students studying a reasonable number of hours. A researcher must determine the right bandwidth to view the distribution of the numeric variable (Muralidhar, 2021). Figure 2's histogram shows a positive skew and a larger right tail, indicating that the data are not normally distributed. The existence of outliers on the higher end, such as the 32 hours studied, indicates positive skewness. Another fact to support that the data is not normally distributed is that the mean, median, and mode are not equal. Conclusion Given the summary statistics, with a kurtosis value (K) of 4.3, this shows that the data is of positive skewness and is leptokurtic. Statistical distributions that have a kurtosis value higher than 3 are classified as leptokurtic (Hayes, 2021). Changing the size of the bins would reduce the kurtosis and the skewness would be more understandable to a non-technical audience. This data does not follow a normal distribution pattern as it displays skewness and leptokurtosis.

5 References Hayes, Adam. (February, 2021). Leptokurtic distributions: definition, example, vs. platykurtic. Muralidhar, KSV. (February, 2021). How to decide on the number of bins of a histogram? Https://medium.datadriveninvestor.com/how-to-decide-on-the-number-of-bins-of-a- histogram-3c36dc5b1cd8

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