Reading Research Assignment #1

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Apr 3, 2024

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Reading Research Assignment #1 Section 002 1. Wells et al. a. Identify the measurement scale for depression, PTSD and deployment The measurement scale for depression resembles the Likert interval scale. Participants were given questionnaires as a way of obtaining data which was then analyzed. The measurement scale for PTSD is also the Likert interval scale because the Likert scale is used to gather information on a scale of 1=not at all to 5= extremely to rate the severity of each intrusion or hyperarousal PTSD symptom. The measurement scale for deployment status is nominal scale because participants fall into categories based on their deployment status such as deployed with combat exposure or not deployed. b. Which of the variables (depression, PTSD, deployment status) are categorical and which are continuous? The depression and PTSD variables are continuous while the deployment status variable is categorical. c. Describe how one of the continuous variables can be transformed into a categorical variable. The continuous variable of PTSD could be transformed into a categorical variable by creating different growth categories of the disease; like different precise levels of PTSD. An example is researchers creating different stages of progression such as chronic or delayed onset. Therefore, participants could be categorized into one of these two groups and it would become a categorical variable. d. Describe why the variable data are reported as percentages (i.e., why are means not reported). The variable data are reported as percentages instead of means because using the mean is insufficient to describe continuous variables due to the presence of outliers which influence the mean disproportionately. There is a lot of variation in the data so expressing it through

percentages allows different sample sizes to be compared more easily and therefore, it is more accurate. 2. Estruch et al. a. Study participants are assigned to groups (i.e., control, etc). Group is what scale of measurement? Assigning participants to groups is an example of the nominal scale of measurement. b. Is group a continuous or categorical variable? Explain. Assignment groups are categorical variables because they are not a measurement but rather a specific category or section. They are a specific quality, not a quantity. c. Identify one measure that is measured on a ratio scale and one on an interval scale. Explain. Body mass index is measured on a ratio scale because it has an absolute value that makes the different BMI’s comparable. For instance, a body mass index of 60% is twice as much as one of 30% Hypertension is measured on the interval scale because the differences between the measures are the same and significant to the study. For example, the difference between systolic blood pressure of 140 and 141 mm Hg is the same as the difference between systolic blood pressure of 156 and 157 mm Hg. d. In Table 2, identify the categorical and continuous variables and describe the descriptive statistics that are computed for each type. Female: categorical, frequency, percentage Age: continuous, mean, standard deviation Race or ethnic group: categorical, frequency and percentage Smoking status: categorical, frequency and percentage Body mass index: continuous, mean, standard deviation Waist circumference: continuous, mean standard deviation Waist-to-height ratio: continuous, mean standard deviation Hypertension: continuous, frequency and percentage Type 2 diabetes: continuous, frequency and percentage Dyslipidemia: continuous, frequency and percentage

Family history of premature CHD: categorical, frequency and percentage Medication use: categorical, frequency and percentage Score for adherence to Med diet: continuous, mean, standard deviation e. What is the proportion and number of men in each of the three study groups? Med diet with EVOO: 1050 (41.3%) Med diet with Nuts: 1128 (46%) Control diet: 987 (40.3%) f. For this study why is it important to establish comparability in the demographic variables in the three groups? It is important to establish comparability in the demographic variables in the three groups because this affects the ability to measure associations between the groups and therefore the analysis of the date. If there was no comparability between the variables, we would not be able to draw associations, correlations, or trends between the data groups.

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